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Chapter 1-5
Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three states of matter? | solid, liquid, and gas |
| What is matter? | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| What is biology? | the study of life |
| How do autotrophs differ from heterotrophs? | Autotrophs make their own nutrients. Heterotrophs obtain them from the environment. |
| List the 6 unifying themes of biology. | cell structure and function, stability and homeostasis, reproduction and inheritance, evolution, interdependence, matter and energy and organization |
| List the six characteristics that all living things share. | cells, organization, energy use, homeostasis, growth, and reproduction |
| How does an inference differ from an observation? | An inference is a conclusion based on evidence. An observation uses senses. |
| How can a substance change from a solid to a liquid? | heat |
| What are the differences between exergonic and endergonic reactions? | Exergonic reactions release energy, endergonic reactions absorb it. |
| How do catalysts work? | They lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. |
| Define solute. | substance dissolved |
| Define solvent. | substance solute is dissolved into |
| Define acid. | substance with a pH less than 7 that increases concentration of hydrogen ions |
| Define base. | substance with a pH more than 7 that increases concentration of hydrogen ions |
| What is an enzyme? | a catalyst that's usually a protein that speeds up chemical reactions of certain substrates |
| Explain the lock and key model. | The shape of enzyme allows it to work on a certain corresponding substrate. |
| Competitive inhibition | binds to active site and competes with substrate for binding |
| Effect on rate of chemical reactions: adding more enzymes | speeds up |
| Effect on rate of chemical reactions: subtracting more enzymes | slows down |
| Effect on rate of chemical reactions: less substrate | speeds up |
| Effect on rate of chemical reactions: more substrate | slows down |
| Effect on rate of chemical reactions: decreasing temperature | slows down |
| Effect on rate of chemical reactions: increasing pH | slows down |
| Name the three parts of the cell theory. | 1. Cells are the smallest units of life. 2. All organisms are made up of cells. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. |
| Describe the endosymbiosis theory. | A theory that the mitochondria of eukaryotes and the chloroplasts of green plants and flagellates originated as free-living prokaryotes that invaded primitive eukaryotic cells and become established as permanent symbionts in cyto. |
| What is meant by the term semi-permeable? | permitted passage of only certain molecules |
| How do plant cells differ from animal cells? | Plant cells have a cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplasts. |
| Define osmosis. | diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane |
| Define active transport. | uses ATP, and doesn't use a gradient |
| Define passive transport. | doesn't use ATP and uses a gradient |
| Explain the sodium-potassium pump. | Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the ratio of sodium and potassium ions on either side of the cell membrane. The pumps constantly flip forwards and backwards, allowing 3 sodium ions to leave the cell every time 2 potassium ions enter. |
| Define pinocytosis. | The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane |
| Define phagocytosis. | process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris |
| Mitochondrion | transfers energy from organic compounds to ATP |
| Ribosome | organizes the synthesis of proteins |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | prepares proteins, synthesizes steroids, regulates calcium levels, breaks down toxic substances |
| Golgi apparatus | processes and packages substances |
| Lysosome | digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances |
| Microfilaments and microtubules | support, movement, and division of cells |
| Cilia and flagella | locomotion of cells, moves materials over cell surface |
| Nucleus | stores DNA, synthesizes RNA and ribosomes |
| Cell wall | supports and protects |
| Vacuole | stores enzymes and waste products |
| Plastid | stores food or pigments, transfers energy from light to organic compounds |
| Prokaryotic cell | doesn't contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, has a singular circular chromosome and nucleoid |
| Eukaryotic cell | contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| Noncompetitive inhibition | binds to another site on enzyme and deactivates it |
| Uncompetitive inhibition | binds to both free enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex |
Created by:
kady.ott
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