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Ch 5- Macromolecules
Key terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together |
| Condensation(Dehydration) | A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water. |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical process tha lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers |
| Glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals;the animal equivalent of starch |
| Cellulose | A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic |
| Chitin | A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods |
| Lipid | One of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly with water |
| Phospholipid | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. They hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers |
| Fatty Acid | A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. They vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; 3 fatty acids and a glycerol form a triglyceride |
| Glycerol | found in lipids |
| Carbohydrate | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its polymers |
| Monosaccharide | The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. |
| Glycosidic Linkage | A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
| Disaccharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis. |
| Protein | A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides. |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids. |
| Secondary Structure | The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone |
| Quarternary Structure | The particular shape of a complex, aggregat protein, defined by the characterisitc three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. |
| Polysaccharide | A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions |
| Starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomer joined by A glycosidic linkages |
| Unsaturated | A fatty acid possessing one or m ore double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton |
| Saturated | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton |
| Denaturation | In proteins, when a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomer; serves as a blueprint for proteins and for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA |
| Gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |
| DNA | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecules, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine |
| RNA | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous base adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. Functions in protein synthesis and gene regulation |
| Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group |
| Nitrogenous Base | N/A |
Created by:
gfry164
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