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APhysio ch.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| these ion currents (graded signals) travel through the soma and are integrated at the | spike initiation zone |
| Sensory neurons (afferent neurons): | receive external stimuli and transmit them to the CNS |
| Interneurons: | connections within the CNS. |
| Motor neurons | (efferent neurons): relay the signals to the tissue that will elicit the response. |
| The reflex arch in the cockroach: | afferent neuron: wind receptor,a giant interneuron within the CNS, efferent neuron: leg motor neuron |
| Graded signals | vary in amplitude the strength of the signal depends on the strength of the stimulus lose intensity as they propagate |
| All-or-none signals | invariant amplitude initiate in response to graded signals once initiated, they propagate down the axon without loss of signal intensity |
| Electric potential | the concentration of ions on one side of the membrane electrostatic force: potential energy (why?) |
| Membrane potential | the difference in ionic electric potentials between the two sides of a membrane |
| Valinomycin | a small ring molecule that binds K+ in its hydrophilic interior, shielding its charge from the surrounding environment |
| Gramicidins | are dimers of linear peptides that insert themselves into lipid bilayers and allow the free passage of H+, K+, and Na+ ions |
| Cystic Fibrosis | mutation in the ATP-dependent CL transport |
| Phasic accomidation | rapid accomodation to rapid stimulus current, with no AP'S being fired after first two |
| Tonic accomidation | slow, with AP's having decreased frequency |
| glia | guides nueron migration during development; glues structures |
| Internodes | myelinated sections of the axon, wrapped up by ogligodendrocytes |
| Nodes of ranvier | between internodes; only sections of myelinated axons that are excitable |
| Multiple sclerosis | demyelinates axons in CNS, autoimmune (cells attack own tissues) |
| Adrenoluekodystrophy | failure to metabolize long fatty acid chains which destroys myelin |
| Connexin pores | pores on nueron that connects cytoplams of two cells |
| motor endplate | fast chemical synapse, active zone contains NT containing vesicles which increases the surface area of junctional folds |
| Postsynaptic current | Inflow of Na and Outflow of K |
| single receptor cell | intensity and modality |
| multiple receptor cells | quality |
| Pattern 1 | soma is far from CNS, ex. smell receptors, SIZ is after the soma |
| Pattern 2 | soma is close to CNS, SIZ is before soma, touch |
| Pattern 3 | receptor does not produce APs, chemical synapse instead. taste. |
| Trandsduction | conversion of a stimulus into a cytoplasmic chemical signal |
| Vomeronasal organ | secondary, pheremone reception among dogs |
| glomeruli | clusters of neurons in the olfactory bulb to which the axons extend to |
| stereocilium | bundles of actin filaments |
| kinocilium | microtubule arrangement, receptors in hair |
| Statolith | cluster of sand grains in a lobsters atennule |
| Utriculus | portion where the 3 ear semicircular ear canals connect |
| Cupula | displaced portion of ear with a gelatinous layer used for vibration and displacement of hair cells |
| Ossicles | malleus, incas, stapes |
| otoliths | mineral deposits associated with maculae (hair cells) |
| Vestibular duct- Tympanic duct | moves maculae in organ of corti, filled with perilymph (high Na, low K) |
| Scala media | cochlear duct filled with endolypmh (high K, low Na) |
| Eyespot | no lens, no picture, only light + dark |
| Simple Eye | Lens with some picture, pattern recognition and locomotion |
| Vertebrate Eye | lens + variable aperature |
| Zonular fibers | Expands the lends to see further away, and relaxes the cillary muscles |
| pigment epithelium | stores Vitamin A and produces light absorbing molecules |
| fovea | rich in cones for detail and colors |
| Rhodopsin | contains both Opsin and Retinal, used for light absorbance when it turns into a trans state |
Created by:
581410904
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