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Field Botany Exam 1
For field botany exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| contains xylem and phloem and water and food conducting tissues. | Vascular plants |
| What are the two seed producing groups? | Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
| Ferns and their allies are? | Non seed producing |
| Characterized by roots, stems, and leaves? | Vegatative structure: Example would be fibrous (bunch of grasses) or tap roots ( carrot or beet) |
| What are the fuctions of roots? | Anchorage, Absorption and storage |
| what is usually found underground? | Roots |
| Above ground roots are called? | Adventious root poison ivy and english ivey or pop roots of corn and mangrove |
| Roots that may exist for 1 year? | Annual |
| Roots that may exist 2 years? | Biennial |
| Roots that may exist several years? | Perennial |
| Produced from seeds or bud and is at bases of leaves. Some of the stem occur underground and may be confused with roots. Underground stems will have old leaf bases and scars. | Stem structure |
| elongated firm and partly or completely underground, and roots at nodes. ( such as lillies and ferns) | Rhizomes |
| Extends along the surface of the ground and roots at nodes or tip and gives rise to new plant ( strawberries) | Stolon |
| Short fleshy and underground with numerous buds. (potatoes) | Tuber |
| Short, solid, with the papery leaves gives rise to roots and leaves without forming numrous buds (gladiolus or crocus) | Corm |
| Short surrounded by many thickened, fleshly leaf bases. | Bulb |
| Maybe herbacous or woody, All woody stems are periennal. Herbacous stems are usually annual. If roots are biennal or periennal a new herbaceous stem will be produced the next year. | Aerial Stems |
| May occur at tip of stem. | Terminal bud |
| Lateral buds that occur in axils of leaves. | Axillary buds |
| scale leaves that protect the buds. | Bud scales |
| leaf after stipules fall off on either side of leaf or leaf scar. | Stipule Scars |
| Leaf after leaf falls off contain vascular bundle scars. | Leaf Scar |
| Dots on stems: Passageways for gas exchange | Lenticels |
| Leafy stem rising above the ground | Caulescent |
| Appering stemless like basal rosettes | Acaulescent |
| Upright | Strict |
| Lying Flat | Prostrate |
| Recling but upturned near the end. | Decumbent |
| Growing at 40 to 60 degree angle from horizontal. | Ascending |
| Growing in tufts | Cespitose |
| This relationship helps in determing it a plant is an annual or not. Roots used for food storage are usually associated with periennal plants. Plants with large roots are usually perennial. Plants with enlarged crowns near ground & old scars periennels | Root and Stem Relationship. |
| Plant organ with a bud in the axil. Bud may Give rise to flower or branch stem. It is very helpful in field identification of many plants | Leaves |
| Consist of a pertiole (stalk) and "intact" blade (flat, expanded portion). | Simple leaves |
| Blade may be deeply lobed or not | Pinnatifid |
| small leaf like structures that may be present at base of petiole | stipules |
| Some leafs lack petioles | sessile |
| Blade is divided to the midrib into several leaflets. | compound leaves |
| Lack a bud in the axil | Leaflets |
| Most ________ have a ____________ | Compound Leaves Terminal leaflet |
| leaflets radiate from the center | Palmate |
| Leaflets branch from an elongated midrib like a feather | pinnate |
| Refers to a leaf that has been divided once and at least once again. | Decompound |
| Twice | Bipinnate |
| 3 times | Tripinnate |
| Two leaflets | Ternate palmately compound |
| Twice ternate | Biternate |
| 2 leaves origination from the same point on stem but in opposite directions. | Opposite |
| More than 2 leaves origination from same point on a stem. | Whorled |
| Leaves are not opposite each other | Alternate |
| Reffered to as a frond with a central Rachis. | Fern Leaves |
| Fern leaves first divisions are reffered to as | Pinna |
| Fern leaves second division is reffered to as | Pinnules |
| Is a stipe | Petiole |
| Is the general ouline of a leaf. (Ignoring the tip or base or any lobing) | Leaf shape |
| Very narrow cross sections may be terete quadrangular or flattened. | Needle Shape |
| small and narrowly triangle | Awl shaped |
| 2 to 4 times long than wide; sides parrallel or nearly so. | Oblong |
| narrow and flat with parallel sides. Length over 3 times the width. | Linear |
| narrow, broadest at base; lance shaped. | Lanceolate |
| lanceolate but petiole is connected to narrow end. | Oblanceolate |
| Broadest at middle, ends rather equal; length at least twice the width. | Elliptic |
| egg-shaped and connected at the broader end. | Ovate |
| broadest at the middle; width over half the length. | Oval |
| flattned on one end like a spatula; connected at the tapered end. | Spatulate |
| heart shaped with the notch at the base | cordate |
| Triangular, petiole in middle of one of the sides | Deltoid |
| kidney shaped | Reniform |
| round like a dinner plate | Orbicular |
| shield shaped leaf with petiole connected partway from the margin of the leaf on the lower surface | peltate |
| Tapering to a wedge | Acute and Cuneate |
| Meaning pointed lobes. | Sagittate |
| has Flared lobes | Hastate |
| Rounded Lobes | Cordate |
| Squared off or flattened | Truncate |
| Means uneven bases | Oblique |
| Pointed; Margins pinch before coming together. | Acuminate |
| pointed; margins stragiht until they meet | Acute |
| Tip rounded | Obtuse |
| very similar and very sharp tip | cuspidate |
| Not sharp | Mucronate |
| Flattened appears cut off | Truncate |
| Is very similar ahd shallow notch on a rounded apex. | Retuse |
| If a leaf has a bristle at the tip it is described as _______ also it is stiff | Aristate |
| Is not stiff | Apiculate |
| No teeth or lobes | Entire |
| Gentle wavy | Undulate |
| waves more prounced to midrib | Sinuate |
| deep sinuses halfway | clefted |
| similar to clefted | parted |
| sinuses so deep it is nearly a compuound leaf | divided |
| rounded sinuses not as deep as clefted | Lobed |
| teeth directed to apex | serrate |
| large teeth with smaller teeth | doubly serrate |
| teeth point outward | Dentate |
| teeth rounded | teeth rounded |
| larger irregular siruses | Incrised |
| Refers to the pattern of the vascular tissue in the leaf | Leaf venation |
| vascular veins are small and run parrellel | Parrallel venation |
| Large and small veins | Net or reticulate venation |
| one large midvein with smaller veins coming off along its length | pinnate venation |
| 2 or more large veins origination at or near the leaf base | Palmate venation |
| Lack of haris or presence of paticular types of hairs called | pubescence |
| Applies to the underside of the leaf which is typically most distinctive | Leaf surface |
| sticky as if covered with syrup | viscid |
| whitish waxy covering | glacous |
| no haris may be shiny | Glabrous |
| fringe of hairs along margin | ciliate |
| Rough caused by short stiff hairs | scubrous |
| short to medium interwoven hairs covering the surface | Tomentose |
| hairs are tipped with head like enlargements | Glandular |
| small overlapping scale like particles | scurfy |
| stiff hair hooked at apex. | unicate |
| stiff hairs barbed at apex | Glochidiate |
| stiff hairs barbed down | barbellate |
| very short hairs | puberulent |
| long short wavy hairs | villous |
| long soft straight hairs | pilose |
| plants reproduce in 2 ways | vegetative and sexual |
| involves fragmentation of plant | vegetative |
| involves alternation of generations between gametophyte generation and sporophyte generations | sexual |
| produce no seeds but do form spores | Ferns and their allies |
| cluster of sporangia | sorus |
| develop into a gametophyes which are rarely seen and not very important in identification | spores |
| one member of a compound pistil or a simple pistil | carpel |
| all the petals | corolla |
| all the sepals | calyx |
| sepals and petals | perianth |
| Has all floral whorls | Complete |
| bisexual has both stamens and pistils | perfect |
| lacking one or more of the whorls | Incomplete |
| Unisexual and lacks either stamens or pistils | Imperfect |
| Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same Plant is ______________ | Monoecious ( corn) |
| Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants is ____________ | Dioecious (red cedar) |
| sticky and collects pollen | stigma |
| Tube that transpert sperm to ovary | style |
| bearing part of a pistil | ovary |
| Has bearing part of pistil and 1 locule | simple ovary |
| Has bearing part of pistil and 2 or more locules | compound ovary |
| attached to the sides of ovary with 1 locule | ovules |
| arranged along the suture. (legumes) | Marginal |
| Attached to the wall of ovary (melons) | Parietal |
| Is more than 1 locule (oranges and tomatoes) | Axile |
| Has 1 locule (chickenweed) ovules attached at base ovary | Freecentral |
| 1 locule and ovules attached at apex. (Peppers) | Basal |
| carrots water hemlock | apical |
| Perianth attached below the ovary | Perianth Hypogynous Ovary Superior |
| Perianth attached above the ovary | Perianth epigynous Ovary inferior |
| Ovary half inferior | Perianth Perigynous |
| Is the point of attachment for the perianth. Referred to as hypanthium in perigynous flowers | Receptacle |
| divisible into equal halves in 2 or more planes ( radial) | Actinomorphic |
| divide into equal halves by only one plane (bilateral) | Zygomorphic |
| can be separate or fused | petals (corolla terminology) |
| shaped like a funnel | funnelform |
| long tube aruptly flaring through out and limb (flattened portion of a petal) | Salverform |
| Short tube throughout and limb flare arulptly | rotate |
| bell shaped | campanulate |
| urn-shaped | ureceolate |
| Elongated structure containg nectar | Spur |
| Often flowers are grouped in clusters | Inflorescences |
| youngest flowers are at the end of the main axis or center of inflorescence | Indeterminate |
| oldest flowers are at the end of the main axis or center | Determinate |
| Stalk of an inflorescence or a Solitary flower | Peduncle |
| Stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence | Pedicel |
| Indeterminate, sessile flowers along a main axis (rachis) | Spike |
| Inderterminate; single flowers on pedicels | Raceme |
| Indeterminate; branched axis compound raceme | Panicle |
| Determinate and indeterminate pedicels arising from a common point | umbel |
| Determinate or inderminate flowers sessile or nearly so on a short axis | head |
| determinate similar to a raceme but intricately branched | Cyme |
| Inderterminate; flat topped essentially a raceme with the lower pedicels elongated | Corymb |
| a spike with a fleshy central axis of imperfcect flowers of both sexes subtended by a large bract called a spathe | Spadix |
| spike or spike-like | arrents or catkins |
| Made up of imperfect flowers | inflorescences |
| ripened ovary and any other structure that is assocated with it (are products of flowers) | Fruits |
| matured ovule containing the embryonic plant and food supply to intiate its development ( may be the fruit) | seed |
| ripened wall of matured ovary | pericarp |
| Outer layer | Exocarp |
| Middle Layer | Mesocarp |
| and Inner layer is | Endocarp |
| Fruits may be: Succulent and watery at maturity (like and apple or tomatoe) | Fleshy |
| Dry at maturity (like a bean pod or nut) | Dry |
| Locule opens naturally to release the seeds | Dehiscent |
| A line of dehiscence | Suture |
| partition between the locules of an ovary or fruit | Septum |
| One of the segments of a dehiscent fruit after opening | valve |
| Does not open to release the seeds; nearly all fleshy fruits are indehiscent. | Indehiscent |
| compart ment of an ovary or fruit | Locule |
| pistil with simple ovary and 1 locule and sometimes used to refer to the individual parts (lovules of a compound ovary. Usually the highest number of stigmas styles or placentas equals the number of carpels | Carpel |
| Fleshy and indehiscent with one locule and one seed, stony endocarp, ovary usally superior, basal placentation | Drupe |
| fleshy (entire pericarp); indehiscent 2 or more locules; ovary usually superior, asile placentation. | Berry |
| berry like fruit with a thick lethery exocarp,mesocarp. Fleshy endocarp, indehiscnet multiple locules and ovary usually superior with axile placentation | hesperidium |
| fleshy indehiscent multiple locules inferior ovary exocarp becoming thckned and tough pariental placentation. | Pepo |
| fleshy indehiscent multiple locules inferior ovary hypanthium becomes fleshy and thick; axile placentation | pome |
| dry indehiscent 2 or more locules 1 seeded carpels that separate at maturity (locules do not split) ovary inferior apical or axil placentation. | schizocarp |
| Dry indehiscent. 2 Locules;ovary superior; axile placentation; winged fruit | samara |
| dry: indehiscent one seeded multiple locules ovary inferior basal placentation hard pericarp | Nut |
| Dry indehiscent one seeded one locule inferior ovary basal placentation | Achenes |
| Dry indehiscent one seeded seed connected to pericarp at all points one locule ovary superior basal placentation | Caryopsis |
| Dry; dehiscent; one locule; splits down one side only; ovary superior; marginal placentation. | Follicle |
| Dry dehiscent one locule consticted and splitting between the seeds; ovary superior marginal placentation | Loment |
| Same as loments but splitting down 2 sides | Legume |
| dry and dehiscent; 2 locules; ovary superior pariental placentation | sillicle and silique |
| Length is more than twice the width ( brassicacea mustard family) | Silique |
| dry; dehiscent one locule; ovary superior axile placentation; capsule split in differnet ways | Capsule |
| opens by pores | poricidal |
| Opens along middle of locule | Loculicidal |
| opens by splitting the septa ( yucca and lily) | Septicidal |
| opens by a lid along a circular horizontal line (clover) | Circumscissile |
| fleshy succulent receptacle covered with many pistils each forming a dry achene like fruit | Accessory |
| Receptacle not especailly fleshy covered with many pistils which become fleshy and drupe like | Aggregate |
| Both develop from solitary flowers? | Accessory Aggregate |
| fleshy formed from several to many flowers; superior ovaries. | Multiple |
Created by:
cfworley
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