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EAS 1601
Match the scientist with the theory and other info
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Eratosthenes | This guy showed that mathematics can be used to derive facts about the world. He did this by conducting an experiment with the well near Seyene and Alexandria. |
| Pythagorus | This guy came up with the theory of the "harmony of the spheres", A legacy of this theory was the belief that the universe itself materially reflected the harmony of spheres…with the earth and humankind at the center |
| Hipparchus | This guy observed that not all stars kept the same position in relation to most other stars: These “wandering stars” were called planetos, Greek for wanderer-> led to Ptolemy circles within circles with Earth at the center |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | • University of Krakow: mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy • University of Bologna: liberal arts • University of Padua: medicine • University of Ferrara: PhD Canon Law – 1503 • Publication of Heliocentric Theory in 1543 |
| Galileo Galilee | Italian Physicist • Famous cannon ball experiment – Leaning Tower of Pisa • Improved the telescope - made many astronomical observations • Wrote treatises in support of Copernican theory • Ran afoul of Church teachings |
| Johannes Kepler | • Studied at University of Tübigen to become a Lutheran minister • Study of astronomy led him to doubt Luther’s orthodoxy •Collaborated with Tyco Brahe •Some friction • After Brahe’s Death got access to all Brahe’s data • Promulgated Kepler’s Laws. |
| Why does the force of gravity vary as the inverse square of the distance? | As the area expands the intensity must decrease by the square of the radius since the same amount is spread over a larger area. |
| What is escape velocity? | Escape velocity is the velocity a body must be given in order to escape the gravitational hold of some other larger body |
| What are the units of visible light? | nanometers or micrometers (microns) |
| What is radiative flux and what unit is it measured in? | Flux is the rate at which energy or mass passes through a unit area, measured in wm^-2 |
| What is the name for the total radiant energy leaving the sun? | luminosity |
| What is the name for the solar flux reaching the Earth? | brightness |
| What is an ellipse? | the locus of all points, P, the sum of whose distances, d1 and d2, from the two fixed points is a constant |
| Who came up with the 3 laws of planetary motion? | Kepler (through Brahe's work) |
| What are the three laws of planetary motion? | 1) the orbits of the planets are ellipses w/the Sun at the focus 2) the line joining the planet to Sun sweeps out = areas in = times as planet travels ellipse 3) ratio of the squares of the rev periods for 2 plaents= ratio of the cubes of semi-major axe |
| What is the angular velocity of the orbit? | omega=V/R (in radians/sec) |
| What does Newton's third law predict? | That the period of an orbit decreases with the radius of the orbit |
| What do hot gases do to the spectrum of light? | Emit photos with the characteristic wavelengths corresponding to the transitions b/w different energy levels of the atoms or molecules in the gas making bright lines in the spectrum |
| What happens if you look at a hot source that emits continuous radiation and there is a cool gas in the way? | The cool gas absorbs photons with the characteristic wavelengths corresponding to the transitions b/w different energy levels of the atoms or molecules in the gas making dark lines in the spectrum |
| What is the Aristotelian tradition? | All laws of nature can be worked out by pure reason, "natural state" of a body is at rest |
| Copernican/Galilean Revolution | Use observations to understand nature |
| Newton's Laws of Motion | Inertia: There is no unique standard of rest, a body moving at a constant velocity was no different than a body at rest (no universal position) |
| Classical/Gallilean Relativity | Objects/ppl traveling at constant speeds relative to each other are said to be in different inertial frames of reference |
| The Gallilean concept of time/space says that... | absolute position and speed aren't real (abandoned this notion), distance and time are invariant |
| Maxwell's theory of the electromagnetism | predicted that light would travel like a wave at a speed of c=3*10^8 m/s; there were several issues with this |
| What is the proposed solution to the problem of wave's requiring a medium to travel through (think about Maxwell's theory ) | Space is filled everywhere with an ether which serves as the medium and reference for light propagation |
| What was the Michelson Morley Experiment? | Concluded that the speed of light didn't depend on the direction of the Earth's motion in space |
| What does Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity say about space intervals, time intervals, and the speed of light? | space intervals aren't invariant; time intervals aren't invariant; c is invariant |
| Why can't anything travel faster than the speed of light? | As v approaches c, the mass becomes infinite. B/c acceleration= F/m, as mass becomes infinite it becomes impossible to accelerate the object |
| What is the formula for mass energy? | E=mc^2 |
| What is Einstein's Theory of General Relativity? | Massive objects distort the space around them through gravity, causing objects (while moving in straight lines) to follow trajectories more or less predicted by Newton's "Law" of Gravity |
| According to Einstein's Theory of General Relativity what is the Earth's orbit? | The Earth isn't orbiting around the sun, it is actually moving in a straight line |
| What is the Big Bang Theory and who came up with it? | The universe first began with the explosion of a primeval atom (cosmic egg); Georges Lemaitre |
| What are the pillars of the Big Bang Theory? | Expansion of the Universe (Hubble), Origin of the Cosmic Background of Radiation (Penzias and Wilson), Nucleosynthesis of the light elements, formation of the galaxies and large scale structures |
| How far is a light year? | 9.47*10^15m |
| What is the speed of light? | 3*20^8 m/s |
| What is the basis of the parallax approach to measuring the distance to nearby stars? | trigonometry |
| What is a parsec? | The distance equivalent to observing a parallax angle of theta divided by two of 1 arcsec from Earth |
| Who was Henrietta Leavitt? | She studied the stars in the Milky Way and discovered the existence of a particular type of star whose energy output varied in a periodic way |
| What is an object doing in a red-shift? | moving away |
| What is an object doing in a blue-shift? | converging |
| Who are Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson? | scientists in 1965 who said that the universe has a background glow of microwave radiation |
| What does Hubble's law say about the shape/configuration of space? | the space between the stars and the galaxy is increasing |
| What is the meaning of Hubble's constant? | appropriate if rate of recession doesn't change with time |
| What do scientists believe most of the universe is composed of? | Dark stuff, especially dark energy that is acting like an ever increasing pressure force accelerating the recession of the universe |
| True or False: If there is no gravitational slowdown, then the Hubble Age (1/Ho) is the true age of the universe? | True |
| True or False: If there is sufficient mass to stop the expansion, then the universe is "closed" and will begin contracting and ultimately end in the "Big Snap" | False |
| True or False: Everything in the universe is younger than the age of the universe | True |
| The best current estimate is that the recessional velocities are accelerating and the age of the universe is about 14 billion years; greater than the Hubble age making our universe likely___, referred to as ___ | open, runaway |
Created by:
elirocs@gmail.com
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