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chapter 3 Vocabulary
Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells | The smallest units in which independent life exist. All living things are single cells or organisms made of cells. |
| Enzyme | any of a great number of working proteins that speed up a specific chemical reaction, such as breaking the bonds of a nutrient, without undergoing change themselves. |
| Fat Cells | Cells that specialize in the storage of fat and form the fat tissue. Fat cells also produce fat-metabolizing enzymes; they also produce hormones involved in appetite and energy balance. |
| Inborn error of metabolism | a genetic variation present from birth that may result in disease. |
| Pheylketonuria (PKU) | An inborn error of metabolism that interferes with the body's handling of the amino acid phenylalanine, with potential serious consequences to the brain and nervous system in infancy and childhood. |
| Tissues | systems of cells working together to perform specialized tasks. Examples are muscles, nerves, blood, and bone. |
| Organs | discrete structural units made of tissues that perform basic jobs. Examples are the heart, liver and brain. |
| Body System | A group of related organs that work together perform a function. Examples are the criculatory system, respiratory system, and nervous system. |
| Blood | the fluid of the cardiovascular system; composed of water, red and white cells, other formed particles, nutrients, oxygen, and constituents. |
| Lymph | The fluid that moves from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream. |
| arteries | blood vessels that carry blood containing fresh oxygen supplies from the heart to the tissues. |
| Veins | Blood vessles that carry blood with the carbon dioxide it has collected, from tissues back to the heart |
| Capillaries | minute, weblike vessles that connect arteries to veins and permit transfer of materials between blood and tissues |
| plasma | the cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph |
| extracellular fluid | fluid residing outside the cells that transport materials to and from the cells |
| intracellular fluid | fluid residing inside the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions. |
| lungs | the bodys organs of gas exchange. Bloo circulating through the lungs releases its carbon dioxide and picks up fresh oxygen to carry to the tissues |
| intestine | The bodys long tubular organ of digestion and the site of nutrient absorption |
| liver | a large lobed organ that lies just under the ribs. it filters the blood, removes and processes nutrients, manufactures materials for export to other parts of the body, and destroys toxins or stores them to keep them out of the circulatory system. |
| Kidneys | a pair of organs that filter wastes from the blood, make urine, and release it to the bladder for excretion from the body |
| hormones | Chemicals that are secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions in the body that require regulation. These chemicals serve as messangers, acting on other organs to maintain constant conditions. |
| pancreas | An organ with two main functions- one is an endocrine function- the making of hormones such as insulin which it releases directly into the blood. THe other is an exocrine function- the making of digestive enzymes |
| insuline | a hormone from the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells from the blood. |
| glucagon | a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream. |
| cortex | the outermost layer of something. the brains cortex is the part of the brain were concious thought takes place. |
| Hypothalamus | a part of the brain that senses a variety oconditions in the blood, such as temperature, glucose content, salt content, and others. It signals other parts of the brain or body to adjust those conditions when necessary. |
| flight-or-fight reaction | the bodies instinctive hormone and nerve mediated reaction to danger. Also known as the stress response. |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that are released at the end of a nerve cell when a nerve impulse arrive there. duffuse acrosss the gap to the next cell and alter the membrane of that sencond cell to either inhibit or excite it. |
| epinephrine | the major hormone that elicits the stress response |
| norepinephrine | a compound related to epinephrine that helps elicits the stress response. |
| metabolism | the sum of all physical and chemical changes taking place in living cells. includes all reactions by which the body obtains and spends the energy from food |
| microbes | bacteria, viruses, or other organisms invisible to the naked eye, some of which cause disease. |
| antigen | a microbe or substance that is foraign to the body. |
| immune system | system of tissues and organs that defend the body against antigens, foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or body linings. |
| lymphocytes | white blood cells that participate in the immnune response; B-cells and T-cells |
| phagocytes | white blood cells that can ingest and destroy antigens. The process by which phagocytes engulf material is called phagocytosis. |
| T-Cells | lymphocytes that attack antigens. T stands for the thymus part of the neck were the cells are stored and matured. |
| B-Cells | lymphocytes that produce antibodies.B stands for bursa, an organ in the chicken were B cells were first identified. |
| antibodies | protiens, made cells of the immune system, that are expressly designed to combine with and inactivate specific antigens |
| inflammation | the immune systems response to cellular injury characterized by an increase in white blood cells, redness, heat, pain, and swellin. |
| Digestive system | the body system composed of organs that break down complex food particles into smaller absorbable products. |
| digest | to break molecules into smaller molecules |
| absorb | to takein, as nutrients are taken into the intestinal cells after digestion;the main functin of the digestive system with respect to nutrients. |
| peristalsis | the wave like muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes their contents along. |
| stomach | a muscular, elastic, pouchlike organ of the digestive tract that grinds and churns swallowed food and mixes it with and enzymes, forming chyme. |
| Sphincter | a circular muscle surrounding and able to close a body opening. |
| chyme | the fluid resulting from the actions of the stomach upon a meal. |
| pyloric valve( Sphincter) | a circular muscle of the lower stomach that regulates theflow of partly digested food into the small intestine. |
| small intestine | the 20 ft length of small diameter intestine, below the stomach and above the large intestine, that is the the major site of digestion of food and absorption ofnutrients. |
| large intestine | the portion of the intestine that completes the absorption process |
| colon | the large intestine |
| feces | waste material remaining after digestion and absorption are complete, evetually discharged from the body. |
| hydrochloric acid | a strong corrosive acid of hydrogen and chloride atoms, produced by the stomach to assist in digestion. |
| pH | a measure of acidity on a point scale. |
| mucus | a slippery coating of the digestive tract lining that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices. |
| Bile | a cholesterole-containing digestive fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder,and released into the small intestine when needed. It emulsifies fats and to ready them for enzymtic digestion. |
| emulsifier | a compound with both water soluble and fat soluble portions that can attract fat and oils into water, combining them. |
| pancreatic juice. | fluid secreted by the pacreas that contains both enzymes to digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and sodium bicarbonate, a neutralizing agent. |
| bicarbonate | a common alkaline chemical; a secretion of the pancrease also the active ingridient of baking soda |
| gastric juice | the digestive secretion of the stomach |
| villi | finger like projections of the sheets of cells lining the intestinal tract. The villi make the surface area much greater than it would otherwise be. |
| microvilli | tiny, hairlike projections on each cellof every villus that greatly expands the surface area available to trap nutrient particles and absorbe them into the cells |
| hiccups | spasms of both the vocal cords and the diaphragm causing periodic, audible, short, inhaled coughs. |
| heartburn | a burning sensation in the chest caused by backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus |
| antacids | medications that act directly and immediatly with the acid of the stomach, neutralizing it. |
| acid reducers | prescription and over the counter drugs that reduce acid output of the stomach |
| ulcer | an erosion in the topmost and sometimes underlying layers cells that froms a lining. |
| hernia | a protusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the body chamber that normally contains the organ. |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease | a severe and chronic splashing of stomach scid and enzymes into the esophagus, throat, mouth, or airway that causes injury to those organs. |
| constipation | infrequent, difficult bowel movements often cause by diet, inactivity, dehydration, or medication. |
| diarrhea | frequently, watery bowel movement usually caused by diet, stress, or irritation of the colon. |
| hemorrhoids | swollen, hardened veins in the rectum, usually caused by the pressure resulting from constipation. |
| irritable bowel syndrom | intermitted disturbance of bowel function, specially diarrhea or alternating diarrhea and constipation, owith abdominal cramping or bloating; |
| nephrons | the working units in the kidneys, consisting of intermeshed blood vessles and tubules |
| bladder | the sac that holds urine |
| glycogen | a storage form of carbohydrates energy |
| adipose tissue | the body'd fat tissue, consisting of masses of fat-storing cells and blood vessels to nourish them. |
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frm1210
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