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Botany_2
Human Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nutrients | supply energy and raw materials for the various life processes |
| examples of macronutients | carbohydrates, proteins and fats |
| examples of micronutrients | vitamins and minerals |
| types of sugars and complex carbohydrates | monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides |
| monosaccharides | builidng blocks of carbohydrates with the formula CnH2nOn n=3-7 |
| What happens to monosaccharides during digestion? | break down in the small intestine and are converted to glucose, transported to the bloodstream and the carried to cells of the body |
| disaccharides | two monosaccharides chemically bonded together |
| sucrose | fructose + glucose - table sugar (comes from sugar cane and sugar beets) |
| lactose | glucose + galactose - milk |
| maltose | two glucoses - germinating grains |
| What happens to monosaccharides during digestion? | broken down to component monosaccharides and then to glucose |
| polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) | composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides (usually glucose) |
| type of polysaccharide | starch |
| starch | storage form of glucose found in plants (seeds, fruits, tubers and taproots) |
| major sources of starch in the human diet | grain crops (corn, wheat and rice), underground crops (potato, sweet potato, cassava), and legumes (peas and beans) |
| What happens to polysaccharides during digestion? | broken down into glucose by enzymes in the saliva and small intestine and then carried by bloodstream to cells |
| What happens to excess glucose? | stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles (only 1 day supply of glucose can be stored this way)and the rest is stored as fat (triglycerides) |
| dietary fiber | comes from plants (cellulose, lignin, gum, pectin, mucilage, etc.) and is not digestible (humans do not have the enzymes to break the chemical bonds) |
| cellulose | polysaccharide (roughage, bulk) |
| dietary fiber in the human diet | comes mostly from fruits, vegetables, seeds and whole grains |
| recommended daily fiber intake | 14 grams per 1000 calories of food consumes |
| health benefits of high fiber diets | lower risk of colon cancer, lower cholesterol levels in blood (oatban), decreased constipation and bowel disease |
| amino acids | building block of proteins |
| number of naturally occuring amino acids | 20 |
| dietary proteins | provide amino acids so that the human body can build human proteins (all 20 amino acids are necessary for protein synthesis) |
| number of amino acids the cells in the human body can synthesize | 11 of 20 |
| 9 amino acids that the body cannot synthesize | histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine |
| source of 9 amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize | human diet |
| What happens if there is a persistent lack in essential amino acids? | protein deficiencies |
| complete protein | contains all essential amino acids in correct proportions |
| incomplete proteins | lacks one or more essential amino acids (plant proteins) |
| Where can you find all essential amino acids? | in plants (just need to eat complementary plant protein sources) i.e. corn - low trypotophan and lysine, adequate methionine and beans - low methionine, adequate tryptophan and lysine |
| recommended daily protein intake | 8-10% of total caloric intake (pregnant women need to consume more protein) |
| symptoms of a fatty acid deficiency | poor growth and skin irritation |
| triglycerides | fats and oils that consist of glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
| percentage of lipids in foods that are fats and oils | 95% |
| What determines the chemical and physical properties of triglycerides? | nature of fatty acids |
| digestion of triglycerides | acted on by bile in the samll intestine and enzymes from pancreas and intestinal cells split molecules and then it is absorbed into the intestinal cells and re-synthesized into new triglycerides which enter the lymphatic system, then the bloodstream |
| bile | made in the liver and is stored in the gall bladder and is a complex mixture of lipids (cholesterol and lecithin), bile salts and pigments |
| emulsifier | breaks triglycerides into smaller droplets (in bile) |
| split molecules | monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids or glyceride and three fatty acids |
| high triglyceride levels in blood are | a risk factor for coronary heart disease |
| triglyceride levels in blood | <200 mg |
| What can be converted to triglycerides? | carbohydrates |
| saturated fats | fatty acids that contain all single bonds between the carbon atoms and have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and are solid at room temperature (e.g. lard, butter and beef fat) |
| What increases the rick of cardiovascular disease? | increased blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels |
| unsaturated fats | one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms and consequently fewer hydrogen atoms and are liquid at room temperature (e.g. vegetable oils) |
| monounsaturated fats | lower blood cholesterol levels, reduce risk of cardiovascular disease (heart attack and stroke) (e.g. olive oil, peanut oil, and canola oil) |
| polyunsaturated fats | lower cholesterol levels, decrease risk of cardiovascular disease (heart attack sroke) (e.g. corn oil, soybean oil, walnut oil, most other vegetable oils (exceptions - coconut oil and palm oil have saturated fatty acids) |
| omega-3 fatty acids | come from the polyunsaturated fats of salmon, herring and tuna |
| consumption of omega-3 fatty acids | lower tendency of platelets in blood to stick together and form clots which reduces incidence of blocked blood flow to the heart (coronary heart disease) |
| cholesterol | steroid that is part of the lipid component of plasma membranes and is used to synthesize sex hormones and other hormones |
| steroid | consists of four fused rings of carbon (steroid backbone) with various side chains |
| Where is cholesterol synthesized | in the liver from saturated fatty acids and is absorbed in intestine from animal foods (e.g. eggs, butter, cheese and meat) |
| cholesterol core | has coating of lipids and water-soluble proteins (lipoproteins) that make it insoluble in blood and able to be transported as a complex |
| low-density lipoproteins(LDL) | "bad" cholesterol, transport cholestrerol to all body cells and taken up by cells that line walls of arteries |
| cholesterol deposition (plaque build up) | blocks arteries and restricts blood flow (atherosclerosis) |
| high-density lipoproteins | "good" cholesterol, remove excess cholesterol from the body tissues and transport it to the liver for degradation |
| LDL prevents atherosclerosis | by preventing the buildup of cholesterol on the artery walls |
| total cholesterol in body | < 200 mg |
| LDL in body | < 130 mg |
| HDL | > 40 mg |
| polyunsaturated fats (including Omega 3 Fatty Acids) actions | lower total cholesterol, both LDL and HDL |
| monosaturated fats actions | raise HDL while lowering LDL (olive, canola, sunflower, avocado) |
| good risk of heart disease | LDL blood cholesterol level |
| trans fats are created through | hydrogenation |
| hydrogenation | manufacturers convert liquid oils into solid oils (some of the double bonds in polyunsaturated fats are broken and hydrogen is added and some double bonds remaining change configuration from cis to trans) |
| examples of trans fats | margarine, vegetable shortening, peanut butter and salad dressing, processed foods such as crackers, cookies, baked good, snack food, fried foods (fried in partially hydrogenated oils) |
| actions of trans fats | raise LDL and lower HDL and are linked to increased risk of heart disease |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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