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Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are endocrine glands? | Ductless glands that produce hormones |
| What are exocrine glands? | Glands that produce secretions. Example: sweat and salivary glands |
| What are hormones? | Chemical messengers released into the blood and transported throughout the body |
| What are autocrine hormones? | Chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that excrete them |
| What are paracrine hormones? | Act locally but effect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine chemicals |
| Hormones are made of? | Amino acids, amines, polypetids, proteins |
| Most hormones are ____ ____ based? | Amino acid |
| Steroids are synthesized from? | Cholesterol |
| Nearly all hormones can either be classified as ____ or ____ ? | Amino acid based; steriods |
| Of the hormones produced by the major endocrine glands, only ____ and ____ are steriods. | Sex hormones; corticosteriods |
| Hormones act on their _____ _____ that have specific receptors for the hormones. | Target cells |
| Amino acid based hormones are _____ soluble and (can/cannot) enter cell membranes. | water; cannot |
| Amino acid based hormone receptors are located (inside/outside) of the cell? | Outside |
| Steroid based hormones (can/cannot) cross cell membranes. They bind to receptors located (inside/outside) the cell | can; inside |
| The interaction of a steriod hormone entering the cell and binding to the receptor "turns on" a _____ then prompts transcription of _____ to produce a messenger _____. | gene; DNA; RNA |
| Amino acid hormones bind to a _____ linked to the cell membrane receptor. | G-protein |
| Thyroxine is an exception, it is an _____ _____ and its receptors are located ________________. | Amino acid; within the cell on DNA |
| The synthesis and release of most hormones are regulated by some type of (positive/negative) feedback system. | negative |
| What are the three types of endocrine gland stimulation? | humoral, hormonal, neural |
| _____ stimulation - Hormones secreted in response to changing blood levels of certain ions, molecules, etc. | Humoral |
| _____ stimulation - Hormones secreted in response to other stimulating hormones. | Hormonal |
| _____ stimulation - Hormones secreted in response to stimulation by nerve fibers. | Neural |
| What hormone produces positive feedback mechanism? | Oxytocin |
| What is another name for the pituitary gland? | Hypophysis |
| The pituitary gland is divided into what two lobes? | Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe and infundibulum); Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) |
| What is the function of the adenohypophysis? | Synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones |
| What is the function of the neurohypophysis? | Stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus |
| How are the neurohypophysis and the hypothalamus connected? | Nerve bundles called: hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract |
| Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced? | Nuclei of the hypothalamus |
| Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) transported and stored? | Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) |
| Is the connection between the anterior lobe and the hypothalamus direct or indirect? | Indirect |
| What is the connection between the anterior lobe and the hypothalamus? | Vascular connection: hypophyseal portal system |
| What are the 6 main hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland? | growth hormone (GH); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH); prolactin (PRL) |
| What are tropic hormones? | Hormones that regulate the activity of other endocrine glands. |
| What are the four anterior pituitary tropic hormones? | TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH |
| What hormone is produced by somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary and has both growth promoting and metabolic actions? | Growth hormone (GH) |
| What are the major targets of growth hormone (GH)? | Bones and skeletal muscles |
| What is the hypothalamic hormone that stimulates GH release? | Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) |
| What is the hypothalamic hormone the inhibits GH release? | Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) |
| (T/F) - GH stimulates production of insulin like growth factors (IGFs) by the liver, bone, muscle. | True |
| GH (promotes / inhibits) protein synthesis and it encourages the use of fats for fuel, thus conserving (glucose / insulin). | Promotes; glucose |
| (T/F) - GH is an anabolic hormone? | True |
| GH direct action (promtes / inhibits) lipolysis in fat depots? | Promotes |
| In the liver, GH cause _____ breakdown and the release of _____ into the blood. | Glycogen; glucose |
| Hypersecretion of GH usually results from an (anterior/posterior) pituitary tumor? | Anterior |
| What disorder is caused by GH hypersecretion in children because of the active growth plates? | Gigantism |
| What is the disorder caused by GH hypersecretion once the growth plates have closed? | Acromegaly |
| What is the disorder caused by hyposecretion of GH in children? | Pituitary dwarfism |
| What is another name for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)? | Thyrotropin |
| TSH is regulated by (positive/negative) feedback? | Negative |
| What is another name for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)? | Corticotropin |
| Where is TSH secreted from? | Thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary |
| Where is ACTH secreted from? | Corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary |
| ACTH stimulates the _____ _____ to release _____. | Adrenal cortex; corticosteroids |
| When is ACTH at its peak? | Morning |
| ACTH is regulated by (positive/negative) feedback? | Negative |
| Gonadotropins are produced by _____ and become active when _____? | Gonadotrophs; puberty |
| What are the two hormones that are referred to as gonadotropins? | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| In females, LH and FSH cause maturation of the _____ _____. | Ovarian follicle |
| In females, LH triggers ovulation and promotes synthesis and release of _____ hormones. | Ovarian |
| In males, LH stimulates the _____ cells of the testes to produce the horomone _____. | Interstitial cells; testosterone |
| Prolactin (PRL) is produced by ______? | Lactotrophs |
| In females, prolactin (PRL) stimulates ____________________? | Milk production in the breasts |
| Prolactin (PRL) is a protein structurally similar to _____ hormone. | Growth hormone |
| Prolactin (PRL) is inhibited by _____ _____ hormone, which is now known as dopamine? | Prolactin inhibiting hormone |
| Prolactin (PRL) levels (rise/fall) toward the end of pregnancy? | Rise |
| Which is more common, hypersecretion or hyposecretion of prolactin (PRL) | Hypersecretion |
| Hypersecretion is the most frequent abnormality of _____ _____ tumors. | Anterior pituitary |
| Clinical signs of hyperprolactinemia are inappropriate lactation, lack of menses, infertility in females, and impotence in males. | No Answer, Informational Slide Only |
| The posterior pituitary is made of axons of _____ neurons and _____ cells. | hypothalamic neurons; glial cells |
| ADH and oxytocin are produced by the _____? | Hypothalamus |
| ADH and oxytocin are stored in the _____ _____ and are released in response to stimulation from the ______. | Posterior pituitary; hypothalamus |
| Oxytocin stimulates _____ _____ during child birth. | Uterine contraction |
| Oxytocin is regulated by (positive/negative) feedback? | Positive |
| Oxytocin (triggers/stops) milk "let down" reflex in women? | Triggers |
| (T/F) - Synthetic and natural oxytocin drugs are used to induce or hasten labor? | True |
| ADH - antidiuretic hormone (increases/decreases) uring function? | Decreases |
| What is osmolarity? | The concentration of solute in a solution |
| ADH - antidiuretic hormone is regulated by _____ in the _____. | Osmoreceptors; hypothalamus |
| With high solute concentration, ADH is _____? | Released |
| When ADH is released, where is it sent to act? | Kidney Tubules |
| At high concentrations ADH causes _____ (raises BP) which is also called _____? | Vasoconstriction; vasopressin |
| One result of ADH deficiency is diabetes _____, a syndrome marked by the output of (large/small) amounts of urine? | Insupidus; large |
| ADH deficiency is caused by _____ _____? | Head injury |
| What does SIADH stand for? | Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH |
| SIADH is (hyposecretion/hypersecretion) of ADH? | hypersecretion |
| (T/F) - ADH hypersecretion is characterized by fluid retention and brain edema. | True |
| Thyroid homrones contain what two iodine containing hormones? | T4 - thyroxine; T3 - triiodothyronine |
| T4 contains _____ iodine atoms bound to _____ amino acids. | Four; thyrosine |
| T3 contains _____ iodine atoms bound to _____ amino acids. | Three; thyrosine |
| Which si the main hormone secreted (T3/T4) | T4 |
| Which hormone is more active (T3/T4) | T3 |
| (T/F) - Most T3 is formed at the target tissues by conversion of T4 to T3? | True |
| The thyroid is the (biggest/smallest) endocrine gland in the body? | Biggest |
| (T/F) - With a few exceptions, all cells of the body respond to thyroid hormones? | True |
| T4 and T3 bind to transport proteins called _____ _____ (TBGs). | Thyroxine-binding globulins |
| T3 and T4 receptors are located (inside/outside) the cell on DNA. They act by turning on _____. | Inside; genes |
| (Central/peripheral) tissues convert T4 to T3? | Peripheral |
| T4 and T3 are regulated by (positive/negative) feedback? | Negative |
| Thyroid hormones are necessary for _____ and _____ growth and development in children. | Mental; sexual |
| Thyroid hormones cause (increased/decreased) metabolism and heat production? | Increased |
| Thyroid hormones cause (increased/decreased) breakdown of lipids? | Increased |
| Thyroid hormones cardiovascular effects - the deliver (more/less) oxygen, (increase/decrease) blood volume, cardiac output, heart rate, and vasodilation? | More; increased |
| Thyroid hormone GI effects - (increased/decreased) motility and appetite? | Increased |
| In adults, full blown hypothyroid syndrome is call _____? | Myxedema |
| Myxedema causes (high/low) metabolic rate, cold intolerance, mental sluggishness? | Low |
| Myxedema results in (excess/lack) of iodine, the thyroid gland enlarges and protrudes and is called _____ _____? | Lack; endemic goiter |
| Severe hypothyroidism in infants is called _____? | Cretinism |
| (T/F) - Children with cretinism are mentally retarded, short, disproportionately sized body and a thick tongue and neck? | True |
| Cretinism may be caused by genetic (sufficiency/deficiency) of the fetal thyroid gland or maternal factors such as lack of dietary _____? | Deficiency; iodine |
| The most common hyperthyroid pathology disease is called ____ ____? | Graves disease |
| (T/F) - Graves disease is not an autoimmune disease? | False - It is an autoimmune disease |
| Signs and symptoms of Graves disease include (increased/decreased) metabolism and weight loss despite (increased/decreased) appetite, sweating, heart palpitations, anxiety, tremors, and exophthalmos (bulging eyes)? | Increased; Increased |
| _____ hormone is produced by the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid? | Calcitonin |
| Calcitonin (raised/lowers) blood calcium mainly in children? | Lowers |
| Calcitonin (prohibits/inhibitis) osteoclast activity? | Inhibits |
| Calcitonin is stimulated by increase in _____ ion concentration in the blood, which is (positive/negative) feedback? | Calcium; negative |
| Parathyroid glands are tiny glands embedded in the (anterior/posterior) aspect of the thyroid? | Posterior |
| (T/F) - PTH (parathormone) is the least important hormone that regulates blood calcium? | False; it is the most important |
| Low blood Ca levels stimulate _____ release? | PTH (parathormone) |
| Rising Ca levels in the blood inhibit _____ release - _____ feedback? | PTH; negative |
| Adrenal glands are paired organs located where? | On the top of the kidneys |
| Structurally and functionally the adrenal glands are what two glands? | Adrenal medulla; adrenal cortex |
| The adrenal cortex synthesizes and releases steriod hormones called _____? | Corticosteroids |
| The adrenal cortex is divided into how many layers? | Three |
| What is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex and what corticosteroid is produced there? | Zona glomerulosa; mineralcorticoids mainly aldosterone |
| What is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex and what corticosteroid is produced there? | Zona fasciculata; glucocorticoids mainly cortisol |
| What is the inner layer of the adrenal cortex and what corticosteroid is produced there? | Zona reticularis; gonadocorticoids mainly androgens |
| Mineralocorticoids regulate mainly what two electrolytes in the extracellular fluids? | Na+; K+ |
| _____ is the most important mineralocorticoid? | Aldosterone |
| Aldosterone maintains Na+ balance by (increasing/decreasing) excretion of sodium from the body? | Decreasing |
| Aldosterone stimulates reabsorption of Na+ by the _____ _____? | Kidney tubules |
| Aldosterone (increases/decreases) K+ excretion? | Increases |
| Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by (increasing/decreasing) blood volume and blood pressure and (rising/falling) blood levels of K+ | Increasing; rising |
| The renin-angiotension mechanism- _____ release renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II in the _____ that in turn stimulates _____ release from the adrenal cortex in the blood stream. | Kidneys; lungs; aldosterone |
| ACTH cause small (increases/decreases) of aldosterone during stress? | Increases |
| Glucorticoids (cortisol) is mainly produced in what layer of the adrenal cortex? | Z. fasciculata |
| Glucocorticoids (cortisol) is regulated by (positive/negative) feedback and is at its peak in the early (morning/evening)? | Negative; morning |
| The metabolic effects of glucocorticoids (cortisol) - stimulates ______ (formation of glucose from non carbohydrates) by the liver, breakdown of _____, mobilization of _____ _____. | Gluconeogenesis; proteins; fatty acids |
| (Excessive/insufficient) levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol) depress bone formation, inhibit inflammation, depress the immune system. | Excessive |
| What is the name of the disease caused by excess glucocorticoids? | Cushing's syndrome |
| What is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome? | Latrogenic - long term treatment with glucocorticoids as medicines |
| Cushing's syndrome can be caused by tumors located where? (3 places) | ACTH producing tumor; ectopic ACTH tumor from cancel; adrenal tumor |
| Cushing's syndrome causes (hypo/hyper glycemia)? | Hyperglycemia |
| What does Cushing's do to the muscles and bones? | Muscle weakness and wasting, osteoporosis |
| Cushing's causes (hypo/hyper tension) which causes _____? | Hypertension; edema |
| How do people with Cushing's look? | Moon face, buffalo hump, central obesity |
| _____ ______ is the major hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex, usually involves deficits in both clucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids. | Addison's disease |
| People with Addison's tend to (lose/gain) weight, their plasma glucose and sodium levels (rise/fall), and potassium levels (rise/fall). | Lose; fall; rise |
| People with Addison's will be (hypo/hyper-tensive) and (hypo/hyper-glycemic)? | Hypotensive; hypoglycemic |
| The adrenal medulla secretes what two hormones? | Epinephrine; norepinephrine |
| Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate the sympathetic "fight or flight" response which cause blood glucose levels to (rise/fall), blood vessels to (costrict/dilate), blood to be diverted (to/from) the major organs, heart rate to (rise/fall | Rise; constrict; to; rise |
| (T/F) - The pancrease has both endocrine and exocrine cells? | True |
| _____ cells produce and enzyme - rich juice used for digestion. | Acinar |
| Pancreatic islets are called what? | Islets of Langerhans |
| What are the two major cell types contained in the islets of Langerhans? | Alpha, Beta cells |
| What do alpha cells produce? | Glucagon |
| What do beta cells produce | Insulin |
| Glucagon secretion is mainly stimulated by (rise/fall) in blood glucose levels? | Fall |
| What is glucagon's major target organ? | Liver |
| What is glycogenolysis? | The breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| What is gluconeogensis? | Synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrates. |
| _____ is synthesized by pancreatic beta cells? | Insulin |
| Insulin is an (anabolic/catabolic) hormone? | Anabolic |
| _____ is caused by autoimmone destruction of beta cells - deficiency of insulin? | Type I DM |
| _____ is caused by resistance of peripheral tissues to insulin and inadequate insulin secretion? | Type II DM |
Created by:
kmking
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