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Genetics Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Vocabulary

QuestionAnswer
Epigenesis States that an organism is derived from substances present in the egg that differentiate into adult structures during embryonic development.
Preformation States that sex cells contain a complete miniature adult,perfect in every form.
Homunculus A miniature adult, perfect in every form. As formed from the theory of preformation.
Cell Theory States that all organisms are composed of basic units called cells which are derived from similar preexisting structures.
Spontaneous Generation The creation of living organisms from nonliving components.
Fixity of Species A statement that states that animal and plant groups have remained unchanged in form since the moment of their appearance on Earth.
Natural selection Presented an explanation of the causes of evolutionary change. Based on the observation that populations tend to consist of more offspring than the environment can support, leading to a struggle for survival among them.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance States that heredity and development were dependent on genetic information residing in genes contained in chromosomes, which were then contributed to each individual by gametes.
Genetics The branch of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation.
Diploid Number (2n) Members of each species have a characteristic number of chromosomes.
Homologous Chromosomes Identical in size and locations of the centromere.
Mitosis Chromosomes are copied and distributed so that each daughter cell receives a diploid set of chromosomes.
Meiosis Associated with gamete formation. Cells receive only one chromosome from each pair and the resulting number is haploid.
chromosome Theory of Inheritance States that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gameters, maintaininng genetic continuity from generation to generation.
Mutation Any heritable change and are the source of all genetic variation.
Allele Alternative forms of a gene.
Phenotype Observable features.
Genotype Set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism.
Bacteriophages (Phages) Viruses that infect bacteria. Consist of a protein coat surrounding a DNA core.
Nucleotides Subunits that make up the polymer in each strand of the helix.
Transcription Process that begins in the nucleus in which the nucleotide sequence in one strand of DNA is used to construct a complementary RNA sequence.
Translation The synthesis of proteins under the direction of mRNA in the ribosome.
Genetic Code Information encoded in mRNA that consists of linear series of nucleotide triplets.
Codon A triplet; complementary to the information stored in DNA
Transfer RNA Adapter molecules that aid in protein assembly. Recognize information encoded int he mRNA codons and carry the proper amino acids used in translation.
Central Dogma A sequence of events that states that DNA makes RNA, which most often makes protein.
Enzymes Form the largest category of proteins. Serve as biological catalysts causing biochemical reactions to proceed for life to occur.
Restriction Enzymes Enzymes that can be used to cut any organsim's DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.
Recombinant DNA A DNA molecule formed by joining two heterologous molecules. Also applied to the technology associated with the use of NA molecules produced in vitro ligation of DNA from two different organisms.
Genome The complete haploid DNA content of a specific organism.
Biotechnology Use of modified organisms or their products.
Gene Therapy Clinicians transfer normal genes into individuals affected with genetic disorders.
Genomics The study of genomes. Sequences genomes and studies the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes.
Proteomics An outgrowth of genomics that identifies the set of proteins present in a cell under a given set of conditions and additionally studies the post translational modification of these proteins, and their location within the cells.
Bioinformatics Develops hardware and software for processing nucleotide and protein data.
Model Organisms Organisms used for the study of basic biological processes.
Created by: katydid92492
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