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Botany_1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the order of the biological hierarchy? | atoms --> molecules --> organelles --> cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ systems --> organisms --> population --> community --> ecosystem --> biosphere |
| emergent properties | novel properties, not present at simpler levels or organization, that emerge with each upward step in the biological hierarchy |
| cause of emergent properties | result from interactions between components |
| an organism is | a living whole greater than the sum of its parts |
| What are the fundamental properties of life? | growth and development, reproduction, response to environment, evolutionary adaptation, metabolism, homeostatis, organized structure and organic composition |
| Growth and development | specific pattern of changes in organism over time |
| reproduction | the creation of offspring from parent organisms |
| response to environment | how an organism responds (acts) |
| evolutionary adaptation | how an organism reacts to changes |
| metabolism | the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in living organism (energy transfer) |
| homeostatis | regulatory mechanisms that maintain the organism's internal environment within tolerable limits (certain cells will try to maintain pH, temperature or substances in the body) |
| organized structure | the cell is the basic unit of life (unicellular or multicellular) (compartmentalization) |
| organic composition | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (4 classes of molecules, other as well) |
| element | the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical reactions (composed of atoms) |
| number of naturally occuring elements | 92 |
| number of elements that are essential for life | 25 |
| macronutrients | required for life |
| percentage of plant living matter that nine macronutrients make up | 99.5% |
| nine elements that make up 99.5% of living plant matter | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur |
| micronutrients | required for life are are trace elements |
| trace elements known as micronutrients | chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, sodium, copper, molybdenum, nickel |
| molecule | two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds (O2, N2, NaCl, CO2, CH4) |
| compound | any substance formed by two or more elements in a fixed ratio (NaCl, CO2, CH4) |
| atom | the smallest part of an element that retains the physical and chemical properties of that element (made of negatively charged electrons, positively charged protons, and neutrally charged neutrons) |
| atomic number | the number of protonsin the atomic nucleus |
| atomic mass (mass number) | the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus |
| isotope | atoms of an element with a different mass number (different numbers of neutrons in the atomic nucleus) |
| valence | the bonding capacity of an atoms/ number of unpaired electrons in the outer orbital (shell) |
| Types of chemical bonds | ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds |
| ionic bond | chemical bond formed when ions of opposite charges attract and one atom donates an electron to another to form a positive and negative ion (charged particles) |
| covalent bond | chemical bond formed when atoms share a pair (at least one pair) of electrons |
| types of covalent bonds | single, double and triple |
| nonpolar covalent bond | when electron pairs are shared equally |
| polar covalent bond | when electron pairs are shared unequally between two atoms due to differences in their ability to attract electrons |
| hydrogen bond | weak chemical bond formed when regions of molecules of opposite charges attract (polar molecules) |
| water | hydrogen bonds between molecules and ionic molecules tend to dissolve in this |
| molecules of life - organic molecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| molecules of life | carbon-based and form covalent bonds between C, H, O, N, P or S |
| macromolecule (polymers) | complex organic molecule formed by joining similar or identical subunits (monomers) |
| carbohydrates | composed of C, H, and O and function as sources of energy and structural materials (includes sugars, starches, and cellulose) |
| types of carbohydrates | monsaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (depends on the number of monomers) |
| monosaccharides | smallest carbohydrate molecules (simple sugars) with the formula CnH2nOn (n=3-7) |
| disaccharides | sugar consisting of two monosaccharides (simple sugar molecules) |
| sucrose (table sugar) | glucose + fructose |
| maltose (malt sugar) | glucose + glucose |
| dehydration synthesis | the synthesis of a compound or molecule involveing the removal or water (requires energy input) (forms disaccharides - lose water molecule to form larger molecule) |
| hydrolysis | the splitting of one molecule into two by the additon of the H+ and OH- ions of water (yields energy) (forms monosaccharides - smaller molecules in the presence of water) |
| polysaccharides | a polymer composed of hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides |
| examples of polysaccharides | repeating glucose molecules, starch, glycogen, and cellulose |
| starch | energy storage (plants) |
| glycogen | energy storage (fungi, bacteria and animals) |
| cellulose | structural molecule (plants) |
| lipids | composed of C, H, and some O and are insoluble in water |
| types of lipids | triglycerides (fats and oils), waxes, steroids and phospholipids |
| triglycerides | fat or oils that store energy and consist of three fatty acids bonded to a molecule of glycerol |
| phospholipds, cholesterol, waxes | structural (make up protective coating (cuticle) on plant that prevents water loss) |
| steroids | hormones |
| saturated fats | fatty acids contain all - C - C - bonds between the carbon atoms and have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (saturated with hydrogen) |
| unsaturated fats | one or more - C = C - double bonds between the carbon atoms and consequently fewer hydrogen atoms |
| monounsaturated fatty acid | only 1 - C = C - in chain |
| polyunsaturated fatty acid | more than 1 - C = C - in chain |
| fatty acids are solid at room temperature when they are | saturated |
| fatty acids are liquid at room temperature when they are | unsaturated |
| triglyceride molecules do not fit as well together | when the fats are unsaturated |
| waxes | long chain lipids that combine with cutin and/or suberin to help prevent water loss |
| phospholipid | two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol that occur in a bilayer in biological membranes (has water-loving and water-fearing portions) |
| steroids | four fused rings of carbon (steroid backbone) with various side chains |
| types of steroids | cholesterol and testosterone |
| testosterone | hormone |
| cholesterol | structural molecule |
| steroids | important components of membranes because they stabilize phospholipid "tails" |
| sterol | OH group attached to C-3 |
| proteins | large complex macromolecules composed of amino acids and contain C, H, O, N and S |
| function of proteins | structural material, enzymes (biological catalysts), regulatory molecules, and transport molecules) |
| number of amino acids | 20 |
| amino acids | backbone with 1 N and 2 C atoms differ only in the side group (called an R-group) |
| R-groups | can be polar or nonpolar |
| nonpolar R-groups | hydrophobic (aggregate on inside of protein) |
| polar R-groups | hydrophilic (surface of proteins) |
| polar, negatively charged R-groups | hydrophilic and are usually found on the surface of proteins |
| polar, positively charged R-groups | hydrophilic and are usually found on the surface of proteins |
| primary structure of a protein | amino acids joined together by peptide bonds to form a long chain (polypeptide) |
| types of protein structure | primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary |
| primary protein structure | chain of amino acids held together by covalent bonds |
| secondary protein structure | alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet that is held together by hydrogen bonds |
| tertiary protein structure | R-group interactions; +/- attractions, +/+ and -/- repulsions aka electrostatic forces; disulfide bonds (- S - S -) have covalent bonds |
| quaternary protein structure | two or more amino acid chains linked together (various types of interactions) |
| denaturation | disruption of the tertiary structure of proteins (unfolds) resulting in a decrease or loss of the biological activity of the protein |
| causes of denaturation | physical heat, extreme cold and chemical (pH) changes in the environment |
| nucleic acids | composed of nucleotides and contain C, H, O, N and P |
| types of nucleic acids | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| nucleotide | single unit of nucleic acid composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar ribose or deoxyribose, a nitrogenous base (purine or a pyrimidine) |
| AMP | adenosine monophosphate |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| DNA | double helix structure that holds the hereditary information passed from one generation to the next |
| ATP | energy carrier in the cell (nucleotide) (carry energy where needed and store energy where produced) |
| ATP | adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates |
| secondary metabolites (compounds) | produced along secondary metabolic pathways and many are derived from lipids, amino acids and carbohydrates |
| functions of secondary metabolites | chemical signals, attract pollinators, inhibit bacterial and fungal pathogens, deter grazing by animals and insects, inhibit growth of competing plants |
| secondary compounds | used by human society in medicines, flavoring,, toxins and perfumes |
| four main classes of secondary compounds | terpenes, glycosides, phenolics and alkaloids |
| terpenes | essential oils, latex, taxol and carotenoids |
| glycosides | digitoxin and cyanogenic glycocides |
| phenolics | flavonoids, tannins and lignin |
| alkaloids | caffeine, nicotine and morphine |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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