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MCAT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Are meso compounds chiral or achiral | Achiral |
| Where does post-transcriptional mRNA processing occur | The nucleus |
| What is the spermatogonium called after DNA replication | The primary spermatocyte |
| How many chromatids and chromosomes does the primary spermatocyte have | THe primary spermatocyte contains 92 chromatids but only 46 chromosomes |
| In a reaction at equilibrium, do the forward and reverse rate constants have to be equal | No |
| What is a virion | The inert form of a virus that exists outside of the host cell |
| What is a prophage | A virus incorporated into the host cell's DNA |
| Yeast are 1)prok. or euk. 2)unicellular or multicellular and 3) facultative anaerobes or obligate anaerobes | Euk, unicellular, facultative anaerobes |
| What is the difference between constitutional and structural isomers | They are the same |
| Do diastereomers have different physical properties | Yes |
| Which is the kinetically favored product | The product with the lower Ea |
| In NMR, which exhibits a peak further downfield: an aldehyde or ketone | Aldehyde |
| If you add LAH to a beta-hydroxy CA, what happens | It becomes a 1,3-diol since LAH doesn't reduce OH to carbon |
| Which is more reactive, an amide or an ester, and why | An ester because the alkoxide ion is better leaving group that the NH2- |
| Sweating is an autonomic response. Which division controls this | Both |
| Are proteins synthesized on the rER, sEr, or both | rER |
| How does ACh act on the heart | Ach binds to muscarinic receptors, allowing K+ efflux and hyperpolarizing the cells, decreasing HR |
| What effect does progesterone have on the uterus | Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and prevents the loss of the uterine wall |
| What type of oocyte does the primary follcle contain, and is it haploid or diploid | The primary oocyte, and it is diploid |
| At birth until puberty, what phase are the primary oocytes arrested in | Prophase I |
| Where do women produce some testosterone from | The adrenal cortex |
| When does vapor pressure deviate negatively from Raoult's law | When enthaply change is negative (think that stronger bonds are formed) |
| What is the hematocrit level | The % by volume of RBCs in blood |
| How are speed of sound and density of medium related | Inversely proportional |
| What does humoral (B-cell) immunity act against | Exogenous antigens |
| Where are proteins for secretion produced | rER |
| Each concentric layer of bone formed by osteoblasts in an osteon is called a | Lamella |
| What does parathyroid hormone do | Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts |
| What is the exception to the law of independent assortment | Genes on the same chromosome |
| An increase in s character has what effect on electronegativity and orbital energy | Increases electronegativity and lowers the energy of the orbital |
| The cell potential in a galvanic cell | equals the difference in cell potential between the cathode and the anode when written as reductions |
| What is the equation that relates free energy change and the equilibrium constant (K) | ^G=-RTlnK |
| What does Benedict's test do | It turns from blue to red in the presence of a reducing sugar (acetal or hemiacetal) |
| In electrophoresis, what are the charges on the cathode and anode | The cathode is negative and the anode is positive |
| In a simple AA, how can you calculate the isoelectric point from the two pKas | Average them |
| In an acidic AA, how can you calculate the isoelectric point | Average the pKa of the COOH and of the R group |
| How do RBS derive their energy | Through glycolysis |
| What is derived from the ectoderm | The nervous system, eye lens, inner ear, epidermis, adrenal medulla |
| What is derived from the mesoderm | Muscle, kidneys, heart, ducts of the reproductive tract |
| What is derived from the endoderm | Epithelial and respiratory lining, lungs, stomach |
| What is induction | A group of cells causes differentiation of another group of cells |
| What does the spleen contain | B and T lymphocytes, venus sinuses, and RBCs (it removes beat up RBCs from the circulation with its small vessles) |
| What does the foramen ovale connect | The right to the left atrium |
| What does the ductus arterious connect | The pulmonary artery to the aorta |
| What part of the circulatory system contains the most vascular smooth muscle | The arteries |
| What does the ductus venosus connect | The umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver |
| When does estrogen peak | Just prior to ovulation, which stimulates LH and FSH secretion. |
| After ovulation and during pregnancy, what effect does increased estrogen and progesterone have on LH and FSH | They inhibit LH and FSH at this point |
| What happens in the presence of SRY | The testes produce testosterone, which promotes development of the Wolffian duct into the male reproductive tract |
| Besides SRY, what signals male over female development | MIS, which inhibits Mullerian duct growth into the female reproductive tract |
| What does menstruation occur in response to | A sudden drop in progesterone and estrogen |
| What is nondisjunction | Failure of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I or sister chromatids in meiosis II to separate |
| What equation relates free energy and the electric potential of a cell | ^g=-nFE, so increasing the number of moles of electrons or the voltage decreases delta G, increasing spontaneity |
| Relate spermatogonia, spermatocytes 1' and 2', and spermatids | Spermatogonia (diploid) undergo mitosis to form spermatocytes(1', diploid), which undergo meiosis I to form 2' spermatocytes(haploid), which undergo meiosis II to form haploid spermatids, which mature into haploid sperm |
| Relate oocyte 1' and 2', polar body, and ovum | A 1' oocyte (diploid) undergoes meiosis I to form two haploid cells: a 2' oocyte and a polar body. The 2' oocyte undergoes meiosis II to form 2 more haploid cells: an ovum and a second polar body |
| What are the tyrosine-derivative catecholamines and what are they released by | NE and E, released by the chromaffin skins of the adrenal medulla |
| What's the stronger acid: alcohol or phenol | Phenol, but it is still a weak acid |
| What does the pancreas secrete as an endocrine gland | insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, which inhibits release of both insulin and glucagon |
| What is a decomposition reaction | A single reactant is broken down into several components |
| Is a neutron affected by electric field, magnetic field, both, or neither | Neither |
| How does the K(m) change in competitive and noncompetitive inhibition | Increases; remains constant |
| What is allopatric speciation | It is speciation due to geographical separation |
| What does NABH4 reduce | Carbonyls to alcohols, but not CAs or esters |
| What does the pancreas release as an exocrine gland | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, amylase, and lipase |
| What activates typsinogen, and what is secreted by | Enterokinase, and it is secreted by the small intestine |
| What are epimers | Sugars that differ in configuration about a single stereocenters (anomers are a special type of epimer) |
| How do you calculate the ^H(sublimation) | ^H(melting) + ^H(vaporization) |
| What is a transition mutation | A for G, G for A, C for T, T for C (purine for purine, pyrimdine for pyrimidine) |
| What is a transversion mutation | A purine is substituted for a pyrimidine, or vice versa |
| What is a nonsense mutation | A short protein is produced because of a premature stop codon |
| What is a missense mutation | An incorrect AA sequence leads to a protein with inhibited function |
| How many chromosomes are there in meiosis I | 46, each with two copies of the DNA |
| What IR band do alkynes produce | 2200 cm^-1 |
| What IR band do amines produce | A sharp band between 3100 and 3500 cm^-1 |
| What are fungal spores (when are they formed, haploid or diploid, activity) | They are formed in harsh conditions, haploid, and metabolically inactive |
| What are G0, G1, S, and G2 phases | G0 is a nondividing phase, G1 is an intense growth phase with a checkpoint at the end, S phase is the point at which Dna replication occurs, and G2 is a growth phase in which the cell continues to grow until mitosis commences |
| How many molecules are there in a mole | 6X10^23 |
| What IR band to alkenes produce | 1600 cm^-1 |
| Is air resistance dependent on the mass of an object | No |
| What is the gravitational force anywhere inside a uniformly dense sphere/ring due to that sphere/ring | 0 |
| What type of friction does a ball rolling down a hill experience | Static friction |
| Electrons flow from _ to _ potential, and current flows from _ to _ potential | low, high; high, low |
| In the follicular phase, what does GnRH do | It increases LH and FSH, which causes follicle maturation and increases estrogen, which further increases LH |
| In the luteal phase, what do LH and FSH do | LH and FSH cause formation of the c.l. from the ruptured follicle |
| What does the c.l. produce | Estrogen and progesterone, which promotes building of the endometrial lining. The estrogen and progesterone spike also decreases GnRH, which decreases LH and FSH, which cause c.l. destruction unless fertilized |
| What happens to GnRH when the c.l. is destroyed | GnRH increases so the cycle can start again |
| What is the average kinetic energy of a gas particle | 3/2KT |
| Where does gas exchange occur between the maternal and fetal blood | At the chorionic villi from the placenta |
| What is an imine | A carbon double bound to a nitrogen C=N |
| What is an enamine | A carbon carbon double bond with an adjacent nitrogen C=C-N |
| What is an imide | O=C-N-C=O |
| The fraction of the volume of an object that is submerged is given by | The specific density |
| When is ester hydrolysis reversible: Acidic, basic, both, or neither | Acidic conditions only |
| Where are lymphocytes produces and B-cells trained to produce antibodies | Bone marrow |
| Where do killer T cells mature | The thymus |
| What is the rate expression | k[reactants]^x, doesn't include products |
| In an electrolytic cell, the anode is _ and the cathode is _ | positive, negative |
| When the c.l. atrophies, what decreases | estrogen and progesterone |
| The lower the pKb, the _ the base | stronger, so the Kb will be larger. The same applies to pKa and Ka |
| If heat is supplied to a constant volume gas, what work does the gas do | None, since the volume doesn't change. This includes not doing negative work from taking in the heat |
| What is a disproportionation reaction | A redox reaction in which atoms of an element are both oxidized and reduced |
| If a car turns while skidding, what type of friction provides the centripetal force | Static friction |
| Is the angle of diffraction dependent on the wavelength of light | No |
| What does the magnetic quantum number determine | The shape of the e- cloud/ orbital behavior |
| What are the four main colligative properties | vapor pressure, melting point, boiling point, and osmotic pressure |
| What enzyme do prokaryotes use to supercoil their DNA | DNA gyrase |
| What has happened and what will happen during spermatogenesis | Spermatids have already undergone their meiosis, but are not yet fully matured |
| Ova are frozen in what stage until after fertilization | Meiosis II |
| When does recombination occur in both oogenesis and spermatogenesis | Prophase I |
| Are triglycerides components of the plasma membrane | No |
| What does AlBr3 do to Br2, and what reaction does this activate it for | AlBr3 increases the electrophilicy (makes it more positive) of Br2, polarizing it for electrophilic aromatic substitution |
| What is the only way to change a reaction's equilibrium constant | Change the temperature. Changes in []s don't change the Keq |
| What is fibrinogen and what is it produced by | A clotting factor precursor produced by the liver |
| What induces ovulation | An LH surge |
| What happens in mitotic prophase | Spindle fibers are formed, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and chromosomes condense (No recombination, that is only in meiotic prophase) |
| Diluting a buffer with waterdoes what to pH | Nothing |
| Nucleophilicy of the halogen ions in a polar protic solvent increases going _ the group | Down, since large ions are less tightly solvated |
| When do all of the mitotic divisions of the oogonia that lead to primary oocyte formation occur | Between fertilization and birth |
| A diploid nondividing cell will be in which phase | G0 or G1 |
| Do bacteria contain an electron transport chain | Yes, on the plasma membrane that makes ATP via ATP synthase |
| When does the ovum complete meiosis II, forming and releasing a second polar body | Following sperm fertilization. Then the zygote divides. Implantation occurs a few days later, and gastrulation occurs after that |
| Resistance of a wire _ with increased temperature and with increased cross-sectional area | Increases, decreases |
| Where is trypsin secreted | From the pancreas into the duodenum |
| Microtubules originate and radiate from _ | The centrosome |
| What can be said of HF's acidicity, bond energy, and bond length | Weak acid, high bond energy, short bond length |
| Does RNA polymerase require a primer? Does it have exonuclease activity? What direction does it travel | It travels 3' to 5' on the DNA strand, doesn't require a primer, and lacks exonuclease activity |
| Euks have _ DNA polymerases and _ RNA polymerases | 1, 3 |
| Proks have _ DNA polymerases and _ RNA polymerases | 3, 1 |
| Do proks have the 5' cap on their mRNA | No, they instead have the SHine-Dalgarno sequence. They also lack a poly A tail |
| Reducing _ or _ at constant volume decreases the rate of effusion | P or T |
| Which bacteria have no external membrane or capsule, but a very thick cell wall | Gram + |
| What is transformation | The ability of bacteria to take up naked DNA from culture |
| What is transduction | The transfer of bacterial genes between cells via a virus |
| What is conjugation | Sexual reproduction via a plasmid F factor forming a sex pilus |
| Ioniziation energy increases which ways on the table | With electronegativity, up and to the right |
| How can you form an anhydride from a carboxylate anion | Acidify then heat |
| What is the coleom, and where does it form in vertebrates | The body cavity, and it forms as pouches in the mesoderm |
| Light microscropes can see up to | 200 nm, so they can see proks and euks but not viruses |
| Does sound travel faster in air or water | Water |
| What is the equation for the potential energy of a capacitor | 1/2CV^2 |
| What is the standard notation for an electrochemical cell | Anode|Anode ion||Cathode ion|Cathode |
| Does light travel faster in air or in glass? What about sound | Air; glass |
| What does Ph3P=R do | In the Wittig reaction, it converts a C=O to a C=R |
| What ' of ROH reacts most rapidly with HCl | 3' |
| What organelle produces protein antibodies to be shipped out of the cell | rER |
| When in the centromere split in mitosis? In meiosis? | In mitosis, during anaphase to pull the two sister chromatids apart. In meiosis, anaphase II to separate the sister chromatids after the homologous chromosomes were pulled apart in meiosis I |
| Are shorter or longer wavelengths more affected by dispersion? | Shorter |
| Are rapid processes adiabatic | Yes |
| What is diffracted more, red or blue light | Red since longer wavelengths are more greatly diffracted |
| What bends more at an interface, red or violet light | Violet light, since longer wavelengths travel faster through the interface so they have less time to be bent. |
| What happens when an object is placed at the focal point of a lens? | The image distance is infinite |
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yankeefan13267
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