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QuestionAnswer
I. Bone Formation
1. Intramembraneous bone formation membrane is turned into bone, conn tissue. Does not need cartilage bone model
Occurs in flat bones ex; skull
Osteogenesis bone formation
2. Endochondral bone growth occurs within the hyaline cartilage(growth plate). Requires hyaline cartilage bone model
Endo within
Occurs in short and long bones
Three main phases hyaline cartilage phase, primary center of ossification, secondary center of ossification
1) Hyaline Cartilage phase formed initially, but is a temporary structure and is eventually destroyed except for the articular surface.
2) Primary Center of Ossification 5 stages
5 Stages
i. Formation of Periosteum ossification occurs in the diaphysis
ii. Bone collar osteoblasts secrete bone matrix forming bone collar
iii. Calcification of cartilage matrix chondrocytes in primary center grow. Due to calcification they do not receive nutrients and begin to die
iv. Invasion of periosteal bud osteoclasts remove calcified cartilage and initiate trabecular formation and marrow cavity
v. Formation of trabeculae osteoblasts clarify bone and form trabeculae in the dyaphysis
3) Secondary center of Ossification bone shaft becomes thicker
i. cartilage near epiphysis(growth plate) becomes ossifyed
ii. Hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis becomes articular cartilage
Differences between Primary no bony collar formed, osteoblasts makes spongy bone, cavities are produced that fill with bone marrow
Note Articular cartilage(end of bone) does NOT contribute to bone growth
II. Bone Growth Length
Interstitial growth bone is lengthened
Occurs at epiphysis(growth plate)
1. Cellular organization of growth plate
Resting zone inactive cartilage
Poliferation cell division, cell division occurs which increases length
Maturation/hypertophic Cell size increase in columnar arrangement, high levels of alkaline phasphatase
Calcification occurs between condrocytes, death by hypoxia
Ossification cartilage becomes bone
○ Prolification resorptinon of bone
○ AT 20 zone of ossification take over zone of calcification
2. Bone Growth in length occurs in epiphysis(growth plant), chondroblats divide and push epiphysis from diaphysis(middle of bone) to lengthen bone
3. Formation of marrow cavity growth will stop when chondroblasts divide less often
What happens epiphysis becomes thinner and diaphysis and epiphsysis fuse and marrow cavity grows
III. Bone Growth Width
1. Appositional Growth increase in diameter of bone
Occurs at periosteum (covering of bone) and endosteum (covers bone marrow)
What happens osteoblasts increase diamteter of periosteum and form bone on external surface.
Osteoclasts break down bone in endosteum
Note both formation and reabsorption is Very important in increasing diameter of bone and increases the marrow space. This helps the bone from becoming to heavy and bulky
IV. Components of bone and calcification
Calcification Two theories
1. Heterogenous nucleation in gap region of collagen, calcium and phosphate crystalize.
Nucleation the crystallize process, and calcification proceeds
2. Osteoblasts release matrix they concentrate them as vesicles and release the matrix
Mediated by alkaline phosphatase
Enamel(very strong) Dentine Bone
V. Hormones
PTH Increases blood Ca, indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity, bone resorption.
Calcitonin Decreases blood Ca. Stimulates osteoblasts, inhibit osteoclast. Opposite of PTH
Calcitrol (Vit D) Raises blood Ca. Promotes bone resorption
Thyroid Hormone bone resorption, needed for growth and maturation.
Mostly secreted by osteoblasts
IL 1 roles in osteoclast differentiation and activity
TGF beta osteoblast migration and mineralization, and apoptosis
Osteoprotegerin inhibits osteoclasts
VI. Repair Process
Fracture repair periosteum becomes perichondrium and makes callus
How hyaline cartilage model
Forms a bony callus that spans across the fracture and fills the space between broken bone
Callus firm knot of calcified tissue of new primary bone, holds bone together
Created by: mcap
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