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ODSC1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Overview of Cell | |
| Cytoplasmic inclusions | nonlving components of the cell |
| • Examples of inclusions | lipids, pigments, crystals |
| • In endocrine cells | inclusions are found in large number |
| • Glycogen granules | can easily been seen after staning, larger than ribsosomes |
| Lipofuscin granules | yellow brown electron dense lipid droplets, increase with age and most common in nondividing cells |
| Plasma Membrane | |
| Membrane is | trilaminar, inner leaflet |
| Can freeze plasma membrane to show | p (protoplasmic) inner and e (extracellular faces) outer |
| Gylcoproteins (glycocalyx) help with | structure integrity, protect from interacting with other proteins, aids in attachment, and facilitates cell to cell recognition |
| Membrane fluidity affected by | temp, saturation of fatty acyl tails, cholesterol, length of FA |
| Saturated FA and cholesterol tend | to reduce fluidity |
| Longer chain FA | decrease fluidity |
| Cholesterol in some sense | helps increase fluidity bc it helps separate lipids |
| Mass Transport | |
| Pinocytosis | 150nm or smaller molecules, cell drinking |
| Phagocytosit | greater than250nm in size mol |
| Receptor mediated endocytosis | specific |
| Coated pits | cytoplasmic surface covered with bristles made of protein called clathrin |
| Clathrin | protein designed to form lattices around vesicles |
| Endosomes | vesicles that have no clathrin |
| Membrane trafficking | the shape and size of the plasma membrane are balanced and maintained bc the membrane taken out during endo is put back during exo |
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | |
| Dynamin | a GTP binding protein on the receptor that assembles a ring around the neck of the coated pit to make a budding vesicle. GTP hydrolyze and pinch off the vescile from membrane |
| Stages of receptor mediated endocytosis | clathrin coated vesicle begins invaginate until it pinches off and a vesicle is formed |
| Overview of Cell Organelles | |
| Mitochondria | double membrane, have porins that form channels, circular DNA and rna, lots of matrix granules |
| Cistae | inner membrane |
| Matrix | intercristal space |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | NADH gives of electrons, protons are pumped from matrix into intermembrane space, creates H gradient, electrons flow out back to matrix and ATP is synthesized |
| Ribosomes | |
| Ribosomes | made of RNA and protein, assembled in nucleolus, makes proteins |
| Made of | small subunit 30 |
| Visualizing Ribosome vs Glycogen | glycogen is larger, are clustered and stained darker |
| ER | |
| Smooth ER functions | lipid and carb synthesis, detox and breakdown |
| Special smooth ER is | sarcoplasmic Retic, releases calcium ions in muscles |
| Rough ER | mediates protein synthesis and post translation |
| Nissl bodies | found in nerve cells |
| 1. Active ribosomes attaches to RER membrane | |
| 2. Signal Sequence is MADE | |
| 3. SRP signal recognition particle made | |
| 4. SRP on RER and RSP on ribosome dock | |
| 5. Protein made | |
| Golgi | |
| Golgi | stacks of flattened membrane |
| Process | vesicles bud from TER, then fuse with cis golgi, then move out of trans golgi and are released as vesicles |
| Function of Golgi 3 things | post translational modification, sorting, carbohydrate synthsis |
| post translational modification 3 | modification of proteins by phosphorylation, sulfation 2 |
| Lysosomes | |
| MVE multivesicular endosome(MVE) | hard to study, and many things develop into it |
| Lysosomes function | digestion, autophagy, and release hormones and cholesterol |
| Lysosome formed from | MVE |
| Unique autophagy | macrolipophagy |
| Lipophagy | regulates intracellular lipid stores, by breaking down lipids |
| Exosome formed by | MVE |
| Exosomes fucntion | proteins that can be released without a signal and can release ILVs |
| Roles in communication 3 | anti |
| Peroxisomes | |
| Peroxisomes | are microbodies, grow by fission, oxidative enzymes, and ONLY thing that can degree greater C22 |
| Degrades by | oxidative enzymes, any excess is degraded by catalase |
| Cytoskeleton | |
| Microfilaments function | locomotion, help cells divide, focal contact. Fast growing plus end and slow minus end. |
| Length regulated by | capping proteins Gelsolin, polyphosphoinositide |
| Intermediate Filament function | structural support, ex |
| Intermediate Filament made of | fibrous protein, very strong |
| Microtubules function | rigidity for maintain cell shap, compartments, help in transportation and movement |
| Microtubules | fast growing plus end, minus end in centrosome. |
| Microtubules have | dynamic instability, length can change very quickly |
| Associated proteins 2 | attach and move around microtube. Dyein goes towards neg, Devil. Kinesin, Kind, goes towards positive |
| Axoneme | arrangement of microtubules in cilium or flagellum 9+2 arrangement |
| Axoneme are held | by doublets which can slide to make it move |
| Basal bodies | looks like a centriole but makes axoneme |
| Kinetochore | where chromatid and microtubules attach |
| Nucleus | |
| Nucleus | outer membrane continuous with RERS |
| Surrounded by | vimentin helps strengthen |
| Nuclear pore complex | bidirectional trafficking, has nuclear basket, spokes |
| Heterochromatin | inactive form, located around the boundary |
| Euchromatin | (EU active) active DNA that is transcribed, located throughout |
| Nucleosome | packaged unit of DNA, DNA wraped around histones to decease size by 7x, then wound into helix |
| Two types | condensed and decondense (beads on a string) transcription can occurr |
| Nucleolus | synthesis of RNA and assembly into ribosome precursors, more active cell greater size |
| Three regions of Nucleolus | Pale, pars fibrosa, granulos |
| Pale | inactive, |
| Pars fibrosa | Transcript of RNA gene, |
| Pars granulos | (Grand old) maturing ribosome |
Created by:
mcap
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