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PCAT Muscles/ Loco
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The cilia and flagella of all eukaryotic cells posses the same basic structure of | a cylindrical stalk of 11 microtubules-9 paired microtubules arranged in a circle with two single microtubules in the center |
| Amoeba extend | pseudopodia for locomotion |
| A hard skeleton that covers all muscles and organs found principally in arthropods(insects)but in some invertebrates | exoskeleton |
| endoskeletons serve as a framework within all | vertebrates |
| thoracic organs | heart and lungs |
| The two major components of the skeleton are | cartilage and bone |
| Cartilage | a type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone |
| Chrondytes | cells responsible for synthesizing cartilage |
| Bone | specialized type of mineralized connective tissue |
| Compact bone | does not appear to have any cavities when viewed with the naked eye |
| Osteons consist of a central microscopic channel called a_______surrounded by lamellae | Haversian canal |
| concentric circles of bony matrix(calcium phosphate)which surround the Haversian canal | Lamallae |
| Spongy bone | much less dense and consists of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules |
| Yellow marrow | inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue |
| Red marrow | involved in blood cell formation |
| Osteoblasts | synthesize and secrete organic constituents of the bone matrix, once surrounded by matrix they mature into osteocytes |
| osteoclasts | large multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption |
| Bone formation occurs in two ways | endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification |
| endochondral ossification | existing cartilage is replaced by bone |
| Long bones primarily form through | endochondral ossification |
| Intramembrous ossification | mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated cells) connective tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone |
| The axial skeleton consists of | the skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage |
| ligaments serve as | bone to bone connectors |
| tendons attach | skeletal muscle to bones and bend the skeleton at the movable joints |
| The point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone is called | origin (proximal end in limb muscles) |
| the point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves is called | the insertion (the distal end in limb muscles) |
| muscle tissue consists of bundles of specialized ___________held together by connective tissue | contractile fibers |
| The three types of muscle in mammals | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle |
| Is responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system | Skeletal muscle |
| each muscle fiber is a multinucleated cell created by the fusion of | mononucleated embryonic cells |
| Embedded in muscle fibers are filaments called | myofibrils |
| Myofibrils are surrounded by a modified endoplasmic reticulum which stores calcium called | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Sarcoplasm | muscle fiber cytoplasm |
| The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called | sarcolemma which is capable of propagating an action potential |
| Skeletal muscle has striations of light and dark bands also called | striated muscle |
| Sarcomere | composed of thin(chains of actin molecules) and thick filaments (organized bundles of myosin molecules) |
| Z lines define | the boundaries of a single sarcomere and anchor the thin filaments |
| M lines | run down the center of the sarcomere |
| I band | region containing thin filaments only |
| H zone | region containing thick filaments only |
| During contraction the A band does not reduce in size but the | H band and I band are reduced in size |
| Neuromuscular junction | the connection between the nerve terminal and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber |
| what initiates the contraction of the sarcomere | calcium ions |
| Actin and myosin slide past each other and the sarcomere | contracts |
| An isotonic contraction occurs when | a muscle shortens against a fixed load while the tension on that muscle remains constant |
| A concentric contraction | A type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases |
| A dynamic contraction | includes both eccentric and concentric types of contractions, generally results in the change in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle. |
| An eccentric contraction | A type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fiber lengthens and the tension on the muscle increases |
| An isometric contraction occurs when | both ends of the muscle remain fixed and no change in the length occurs during the contraction but the tension increases |
| The strength of contraction of a single muscle fiber | can not be increased, only the strength of the contraction of the entire muscle can be increased by recruiting more muscle fibers |
| Tonus | partial contraction state |
| Temporal summation | muscles can not relax completely and contraction begin combine and get stronger |
| tetanus | Contractions are so frequent the muscle can not relax |
| Lactic acid is formed when | pyruvic acid reacts with lactate dehydrogenase |
| Cori Cycle | conversion of lactic acid to glucose in the liver |
| involuntary movements or actions are controlled by | smooth muscle, stimulated by the autonomic nervous system |
| Smooth muscle can be found in | the digestive tract, bladder, uterus, blood vessel walls etc |
| Muscle cells that contain only one nucleus and lack striations of skeletal muscle | smooth muscle cells |
| Cardiac muscle fibers | have characters of both smooth muscle fibers and and skeletal and usually only have one or two central located nuclei |
| myoglobin | Has high oxygen binding affinity and helps to keep the oxygen supply up in muscles |
| A simple twitch in a muscle fiber will be generated repeatedly by | frequent stimulus |
| muscles with strong forceful contractions | smooth muscle and cardiac muscle |
Created by:
mystacks09
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