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Test1_Chapter 26
Assessment of Cardiovascular Function - Chapter 26
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acute coronary syndrome | refers to rupture of an atheromatous plaque in a diseased coronary artery, which rapidly forms an obstructive thrombus |
| afterload | the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle |
| apical impulse (also called point of maximum impulse) | impulse normally palpated at the fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line; caused by contraction of the left ventricle |
| atrioventricular (AV) node | secondary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrial wall near the tricuspid valve |
| baroreceptors | nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are responsible for reflex control of the blood pressure |
| cardiac catheterization | an invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressures and assess patency of the coronary arteries |
| cardiac conduction system | specialized heart cells strategically located throughout the heart that are responsible for methodically generating and coordinating the transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells |
| cardiac output | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute |
| cardiac stress test | a test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand |
| contractility | ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse |
| depolarization | electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell |
| diastole | period of ventricular relaxation resulting in ventricular filling |
| ejection fraction | percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat |
| hemodynamic monitoring | use of pressure monitoring devices to directly measure cardiovascular function |
| hypertension | blood pressure that is persistently greater than 140/90 mm Hg |
| hypotension | a decrease in blood pressure to less than 100/60 mm Hg that compromises systemic perfusion |
| murmurs | sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart |
| myocardial ischemia | condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed |
| myocardium | muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart |
| normal heart sounds | sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 (atrioventricular valves) and S2 (semilunar valves) |
| opening snaps | abnormal diastolic sound generated during opening of a rigid AV valve leaflet |
| postural (orthostatic) hypotension | a significant drop in blood pressure (usually 10 mm Hg systolic or more) after an upright posture is assumed |
| preload | degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole |
| pulmonary vascular resistance | resistance to right ventricular ejection of blood |
| radioisotopes | unstable atoms that emit small amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays; used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies |
| repolarization | return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell |
| S1 | the first heart sound produced by closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves |
| S2 | the second heart sound produced by closure of the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic) valves |
| S3 | an abnormal heart sound detected early in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering either ventricle; most often due to volume overload associated with heart failure |
| S4 | an abnormal heart sound detected late in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering either ventricle during atrial contraction; most often caused by hypertrophy of the ventricle |
| sinoatrial (SA) node | primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium |
| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per heartbeat |
| summation gallop | the abnormal sound created during tachycardia by the presence of an S3 and S4 |
| systemic vascular resistance | resistance to left ventricle ejection |
| systole | period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta |
| systolic click | abnormal systolic sound created by the opening of a calcified aortic or pulmonic valve during ventricular contraction |
| telemetry | the process of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring by the transmission of radio waves from a battery-operated transmitter worn by the patient |
Created by:
jhrobins99
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