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Vascular Disorders
Vascular disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atherosclerosis | A build up of fatty deposits (plaque) within blood vessels. Atherosclerosis leads to Arterioscleroisis and Ateriostenosis. |
| Infarct | dead tissue |
| Infarction | the process of tissue dying |
| Risk factors for Atherosclerosis | Smoking, Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, Alcohol, Diabetes, Stress, Hypertention, Inactivity, Sex (gender), and Genetic. |
| Stage 1 for atherosclerosis | Plaque is present and growing but not causing ischemia. |
| What is Plaque? | mostly cholesterol, Lipid deposite, Calcified Cholesterol |
| S/S in stage 1 of atherosclerosis | Asympotmatic |
| Stage 2 for atherosclerosis | Platelets start to stick to plaque forming a clot. Walls of artery become inflammed. Plaque + Clot + Inflammed wall |
| S/S of stage 2 Atherosclerosis | Ischemia causing angina or mini strokes or numbness and tingling. |
| Stage 3 for Atherosclerosis | Necrosis due to severe ischemia - Infarction |
| S/S for stage 3 Atherosclerosis | -Myocardial infarction -peripheral infarction -cerebral infarction |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Build up of plaque, clot, and inflamation in the arteries going to the myocardium. |
| Etiology of CAD | Idiopathic |
| Risk factors for CAD | Smoking, Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, Alcohol, Diabetes, Stress, Hypertention, Inactivity, Sex (gender), and Genetic. |
| Stage 1 for CAD | Can be detected in Stress Test and confirmed with angiogram. Best stage to catch disease. |
| Goal for stage 1 for CAD | Not to reach Stage 2. |
| Treatment for stage 1 for CAD | Look at risk factors and address them with lifestyle changes. Medication to manage risk factors. Take an Aspirin a day. |
| Stage 2 for CAD | Stable Angina = Occational chest pain durring times of activity (elevated heart rate) then goes away at rest. Unstable Angina = chest pain not associated with activity. |
| Goal for stage 2 for CAD | Get them back to stage 1 |
| Treatment for stage 2 for CAD | -Stent implant: done through cath -bypass surgery: done when they can't get stent in. CABG = coronary artery bypass graft |
| Stage 3 for CAD | Myocardial Infarction - Heart attack |
| Goal for stage 3 for CAD | survive |
| Treatment for stage 3 for CAD | - call 911 and take an aspirin - Give oxygen, Nitroglycerin, and hook up IV -TIME IS CRITICAL - confirm MI with EKG. Take drug called TPA to dissolve a clot. -Angiogram done in cath lab and placement of a stent -CABG or Bypass done in surgery |
| Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD) | Atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries and other arteries to or in the brain. Happens gradually. |
| Etiology of CVD | Idiopathic |
| Risk factors for CVD | Smoking, Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, Alcohol, Diabetes, Stress, Hypertention, Inactivty, Sex (gender) and Genetic. |
| S/S for stage 1 for CVD | Asymptomatic. Can be diagnosed in stage one with a carotid arteries ultrasound (doppler). |
| Goal in stage 1 for CVD | Not to get to stage 2 |
| Treatment for stage 1 for CVD | - Analyse risk factors and address them with lifestyle changes. - Medications such as Zocor and Blood pressure Meds - Take an aspirin a day |
| Stage 2 for CVD | Patient starts to develope signs and symptoms. |
| S/S for stage 2 for CVD | -occational, temperary weakness in part of the body -Temporary changes in vision -Confusion or affect memory -Mini stroke (TIA) minutes to hours only -Tingling or numbness |
| Goal for stage 2 for CVD | Get them back to stage 1. Determine how severe and if it is CVD. |
| Treatment for stage 2 for CVD | -Angiogram to confirm and to determine the severity -Stent -Bypass |
| Stage 3 for CVD | Stroke, Cerebral Infarction, Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) |
| Goal for stage 3 for CVD | Survive |
| Treatment for stage 3 for CVD | -Call 911 and take an aspirin -Get to ER ASAP to confirm what type of stroke with and angiogram, Occlusive Stroke or Hemorrhagic Stroke. |
| Treatment for Occlusive Stroke | - Clot buster - TPA drug to dissolve clot - Stent -Bypass |
| Treatment for Hemorrhagic Stroke | (ruptured Aneurysm) - Surgical repair ONLY -No TPA |
| Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) | Artherosclerosis of arteries outside the heart or brain. Found in Brachial and Femorial arteries most often. |
| Eitology of PVD | Idiopathic |
| Risk factors for PVD | Smoking, Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, Alcohol, Diabetes, Stress, Hypertension, Inactivity, Sex (gender), and Genetics |
| Stage 1 for PVD | Screen with a doppler ultrasound to look at brachial and femorial arteries. |
| Goal for stage 1 for PVD | To keep it from getting worse |
| Treatments for stage 1 for PVD | - Address lifestyle changes form risk factors - Medications from risk factors - Take an Aspirin a day |
| Stage 2 for PVD | Patient starts to experience numbness and tingling, or feels like it is falling asleep. |
| Goal for stage 2 for PVD | Get back to stage 1 |
| Treatment for stage 2 for PVD | Angiogram to decide whether to put in stent or do a bypass. |
| Stage 3 for PVD | Infarction Stage |
| Treatment for stage 3 for PVD | - Removal of Infarction, removal of tissue - Amputation |
| What two factors increase the chances of success and affect the size of the infarction. | - Time - Which artery is blocked |
| Systolic pressure for normal blood pressure | less than 120 |
| Diastolic pressure for normal blood pressure | less than 80 |
| Systolic pressure for prehypertension | 120 - 139 |
| Diastolic pressure for prehypertension | 80 - 89 |
| Systolic pressure for hypertension | 140 + |
| Diastolic pressure for hypertension | 90 + |
| Secondary Hypertension | chronic high blood pressure due to a complication of another condition. Can be cured with the cure of the other disease. EX= Hyperthyroidism and Kidney disease |
| Primary (Essential) Hypertension | Chronic high blood pressure of unknown origin Can be managed but not cured. |
| S/S of Hypertension | - Systolic greater than 140 - Diastolic greater than 90 - Has 1 sign but no symptoms |
| Complications of Hypertension | Atherosclerosis, CAD, CVD, PVD, Heart attack, Stroke, Amputation, LCHF, Kidney damage or failure, Retina damage, Aneurysm |
| Treatment for Hypertension | - Lifestyle changes (loose weight, Exercise, decrease salt intake) - Blood pressure medications (Vasodilaters to lower TPR, ARB are most common: Diuretics to lower blood volume)-cardiac glycosides to decrease cardiac output |
| What is the biggest challenge with Hypertensive patients? | Convincing patient to follow treatment. Educating the patient. Because of no symptoms. |
| Aneurysm | Localized dilation of an artery or chamber in the heart as a result of a weakness in the wall of the artery or heart. Good chance it will be fatal. |
| Varicose Veins | An enlarged dilated superficial vein. Most common in lower expremities and esophagus. Can happen anywhere on the body. |
| Most common cause of varicose veins | Pregnancy |
| Hemorrhoids | Varicose veins on the surface of the rectum |
| Varicose veins on the surface of the esophagus | - Caused by Cirrhosis of the Liver - Can be fatal |
Created by:
owossopatho
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