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Biology PCAT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced by the_____? | Anterior Pituitary |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the_______? | Adrenal Cortex |
| Adrenocortical steroids or corticosteroids are produced by the______? | Adrenal Cortex |
| In the bloodstream corticosteroids are bound by_______? | Transcortins |
| Cortisol and Cortisone are both______? | Glucocorticoids (increase plasma glucose levels and antagonistic of the effects of insulin, have anti-inflammatory effects, promote peripheral use of lipids. |
| Cortisol and Cortisone help raise blood glucose levels by decreasing protein synthesis through the process of_______? | Gluconeogenesis |
| Aldosterone is a _______? | Mineralcortoid |
| Aldosterone regulates_________? | plasma levels of sodium and potassium/ total extracellular water volume by causing active reabsorption of sodium and potassium and passive reabsorption of water in the nephron which increase blood pressure/ blood volume |
| Mineralcorticoids are stimulated by______and inhibited by_________? | angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide |
| Androgens are secreted in small quantities by_______? | adrenal cortex (androgen-male sex hormones produced in men and women mostly in testes in men) |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are known as______? | Catecholamines (amino acid derived compounds) |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced by the________? | adrenal medulla |
| The conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue is increased by_____? | Epinephrine (increases blood glucose levels and an increase in basal metabolic rate) |
| ____________ both increase the rate and strength of the heartbeat and dialate and constrict blood vessels to increase blood supply to the brain, skeletal muscles, and heart | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
| _____________ decrease the blood supply to the kidneys, skin, and digestive tract | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
| ____________ promote the release of lipids by adipose tissue | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
| The "Fight of Flight" response is elicited by the_______? | sympathetic nervous system |
| Certain Vegetative functions are inhibited by_________? | Epinephrine |
| Proteins used by neurons to transmit signals | Neurotransmitters |
| the release of hormones/ neurotransmitters are stimulated during sympathetic activation by the_______________? | Sympathetic Preganglionic Fibers |
| The pituitary lies at__________and hangs_______the hypothalamus? | The base of the brain, below |
| The two main lobes of the pituitary gland are the__________, ______________? | anterior, posterior |
| infundibulum | the slender cord that connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus |
| This hormone promotes,protein synthesis, bone and muscle growth, lipid mobilization and catabolism | Growth Hormone (GH,somatotropin) |
| Acromegaly | Caused by the overproduction of Growth hormone in adults characterized by a disproportionate overgrowth of bone, in the skull, jaw, hands and feet. |
| Prolactin | Direct hormone which stimulates milk production and secretion in female mammary glands |
| Direct hormone | produced by the anterior pituitary which directly stimulate their target organs GH,prolactin |
| Tropic Hormones | Stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones |
| The hormonal secretions of the anterior pituitary are regulated by_______ | Hypothalamic secretions called releasing/inhibiting hormones or factors |
| _____________stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids and is regulated by the releasing hormone corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| _________stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones, including thyroxine | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| In women _________ stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum and regulates progesterone secretion in women. | Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
| ________stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to synthesize testosterone | Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
| ________causes maturation of ovarian follicles that begin secreting estrogen in women and the maturation of the seminiferous tubules and sperm production. | Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) |
| ________is secreted by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary and the function in mammals is unclear. | Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| Neurotransmitters with pain relieving properties. | Endorphins |
| The_______ pituitary does not synthesize hormones | posterior (pituitary)it stores and releases the peptide hormones Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) |
| _______and_________ are produced by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and hormone secretion is stimulated by action potentials descending from the hypothalamus. | Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) transported via axons into the posterior pituitary |
| _____________ increases the permeability of the nephron's collecting duct to water promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume, increasing blood pressure | Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) |
| The_________is part of the forebrain that is located directly above the pituitary gland and receives neural transmissions from other parts of the brain and from peripheral nerves which trigger responses from its neurosecretory cells | hypothalamus |
| true or false: only an unbound hormone is able to enter a cell and elicit a cellular response | true |
| all of the T4 (thyroxine) in the body is formed and secreted by_________ | the thyroid gland |
| T3 | triiodothyronine |
| hypothyroidism | thyroid hormones are undersecreted or not at all |
| Hyperthyroidism | thyroid is overstimulated resulting in the oversecretion of thyroid hormones |
| Calcitonin | decreases calcium Ca2+ concentration by inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from the bone |
| The________has both exocrine and endocrine functions | pancreas |
| When cells of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine via a series of ducts this is known as its__________function | exocrine |
| The endocrine function of the pancreas is composed of alpha and beta cells known as_______________ | The islets of Langerhans |
| Alpha cells of the pancreas produce and secrete_______ | glucagon |
| Beta cells of the pancreas produce and secrete_________ | insulin |
| __________stimulates protein and fat degradation, the conversion of glycogen to glucose, and gluconeogenesis. | Glucagon (action is antagonistic of insulin) |
| __________a protein hormone secreted in response to high blood glucose concentration. stimulates glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells and storage of glucose as glycogen in muscle and liver cells | Insulin Also stimulates the synthesis of fats from glucose |
| Underproduction of insulin | Type I diabetes |
| Insensitivity to insulin | Type II diabetes |
| _________stimulates the release of Ca2+ from bones which is bound to phosphate and decreases secretion of Ca2+ by the kidneys while increasing phosphate release. | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| The parathyroid glands are four small pea shaped structures on the posterior surface of the thyroid which secretes_________ | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| When blood volume falls the kidney's produce________ | Renin an enzyme that converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiontensin I. |
| angiontensin I is converted to angiontensin II which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete__________ | aldosterone |
| ___________is a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production. | erythropoietin (EPO) -stimulation of stem cells to differentiate into rubriblasts -increases mitosis rate, increases the release of ritculocytes from bone marrow,increased hemoglobin formation |
| The stomach secretes________ in response to ingested food. | Gastrin (Hormone)stimulate gastric glands to secrete HCL |
| Gastrin(Hormone)stimulates the gastric glands to secrete_______ | HCL |
| __________is released by the small intestine in response to acidic food material or Chyme entering from the stomach | Secretin |
| Secretin | stimulates the secretion of an alkaline bicarbonate solution by the pancreas (exocrine funtion) |
| Cholecystokinin | released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats causing the contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile into the small intestines |
| Bile | involved in the digestion and emulsification of fats |
| The pineal gland is a tiny structure at the base of the brain which secretes________ | melatonin antagonist to (MSH) |
| The two classes of hormones are_________ and ___________ | peptide hormones and steroid hormones |
| This enzyme____________ catalyzes the reaction of converting ATP to cyclic adenosine monophoshate | adenylate cyclase |
| Cyclic AMP activity is inactivated by the cytoplasmic enzyme___________ | Phosphodiesterase |
| Lipid derived/lipid soluble molecules with a specific ring structure produced by the testes, ovaries, placenta, and adrenal cortex | Steroid hormones can cross lipid bilayer of cells directly binding cytoplasmic receptors |
| Auxins are plant hormones which are responsible for___________ | phototropism The tendency of the shoots of the plants to bend toward light sources |
| When light strikes the tip of a plant from one side, the auxin supply on that side is_________ | reduced |
| _________in plants stimulate rapid stem elongation | gibberellins |
| ____________stimulate fruit ripening | ethylene |
Created by:
mystacks09
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