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Test IV A&P
Chapter 25, 26
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many liters the kidneys filter everyday? | 200L |
| Fluids that the kidneys filters from the blood. | toxins, metabolic waste and excess ions |
| lecture text compares the kidneys to a _____. | a water purification plant |
| kidney has ____ shaped appearance | bean |
| adult kidney weighs ____ ounces and is ___ cm long, ___ cm wide and ___ cm thick | ~5 oz.; 12 cm long; 6-cm wide, and 3-cm thick |
| major excretory organs | kidneys |
| the temporary storage reservoir for urine | urinary bladder |
| transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder | ureters |
| transport urine out of the body | urethra |
| the process of forming new glucose | gluconeogenesis |
| neo means | new |
| Endocrine functions | Renin, Erythropoietin |
| regulation of blood pressure and kidney function | renin |
| regulation of RBC production | Erythropoietin |
| kidney metabolizes ___. | Vitamin D |
| ___ kidney is lower than the ___ due to the size of the ___. | Right; left; liver |
| renal nerves enter and exit at the ___ | hilum |
| What are the layers of supportive tissue? | renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule |
| how many lobe per kidney | ~8 per kidney |
| papilla means | nipple |
| urine flows from the ___ to ___ | pelvis to ureter |
| ___ continuously cleanse the blood and adjust its composition | kidneys |
| __ deliver about 1200 ml of cardiac output to the kidneys each minute | renal arteries |
| arterial flow __ and venous flow ___ the kidneys follow similar path | into; out of |
| ___ supply is via sympathetic fibers from the renal plexus | nerve supply |
| structural and functional units of the kidneys that form urine | nephrons |
| 1 kidney has about ___ nephrons | ~1 million |
| Each nephron contains two main parts | glomerulus and renal tubule |
| Renal tubule is also know as | Bowman's |
| a tuft of capillaries | glomerulus |
| Meandering nature on renal tubule ____ its length and ___ its filtrate processing capabilities | increases and enhances |
| functions in reabsorption and secretion | proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
| Function more in secretion than reabsorption | distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
| receive filtrate from many nephrons, fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces | collecting ducts |
| Nephrons are divided into two groups | cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons |
| juxta means | near to |
| 85% of nephrons in the kidneys, almost entirely in the cortex | cortical nephrons |
| nephrons that are important in the production of concentrated urine | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| The kidneys filter the body's entire plasma volume ___ each day | 60 times |
| contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances | urine |
| blood plasma minus proteins | filtrate |
| urine is less than __ of total filtrate | 1% |
| Glomerular filtratiion by the __ | glomeruli |
| tubular reabsorptiion by the ___ | renal tubules |
| Tubular secretion by the ___ | renal tubules |
| The volume of filtrate formed ___ by the combines activity of all 2 million glomeruli of the kidneys | each minute |
| how many milliliter the glomerular filtrate each minute? | usually 120-125 ml/min |
| used to measure the amount of the solutes in body fluids | osmolality |
| osmotic diuretics, ADH inhibitors such as alcohol, substances that inhibit Sodium reabsorption and obligatory water reabsorption such as caffeine and many drugs are chemical that ___ | enhance the urinary output |
| Freshly voided urine appears ___, ___ to ___ | clear, pale to deep yellow |
| a pigment that results from the body's destruction of hemoglobin | urochrome |
| ___, ___, and ___ can alter the color of urine | drugs, vitamin supplements and diet |
| cloudy urine may indicate a ____ | urinary tract infection (UTI) |
| What is the pH of urine? | slightly acidic about pH 6, with a range of 4.5 to 8.0 |
| T or F. The specific gravity of urine is the the ration of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water | True |
| mass range of urine | 1.001 - 1.035 |
| chemical compositions of urine | 95% water and 5% solutes |
| abnormally high concentrations of water or solutes in urine may indicate ___ | pathology |
| slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder | ureters |
| As bladder ___ increases, distal ends of the ureters close, preventing backflow of urine | pressure increases |
| urine does not reach the ___ through gravity alone | bladder |
| form in renal pelvis | kidney stones |
| calculus means | little stone |
| __ block ureter cause pressure and pain in kidneys | larger stones |
| Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac for temporary storage of urine | urinary bladder |
| trigon means | triangle |
| infections tend to persist in this region | trigone |
| collapses when empty, expands and rises superiorly during filling without rise in internal pressure | urinary bladder |
| thin walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it out of the body | urethra |
| 2 types of sphincters in urethra | internal urethral and external urethral sphincters |
| size of female urethra | 3-4cm |
| size of male urethra | about 20 cm or 8 inches long |
| male urethra serves a double function including ___ and ___ out of the body | carrying semen and urine |
| male urethra regions and their sizes | prostatic urethra (2.5 cm), membranous urethra (2cm), spongy urethra (15cm) |
| mictur means | urinate |
| micturition means | urination or voiding |
| __ bacteria account for 80% of all urinary tract infections | E.coli |
| __ infections may cause long-term renal damage | streptococcal |
| Primary sex organs | gonads, testes, and ovaries |
| males sex hormones | androgen |
| females sex hormones | estrogen and progesterone |
| Purpose of reproductive system | to perpetuate the species |
| Testes means | witnesses |
| scrotum means | pouch |
| Temperature of scrotum | 3 degree Celsius lower than core body temp. |
| name the smooth muscle and skeletal muscle of scrotum | smooth muscle: dartos, skeletal muscle: cremaster |
| dartos means | skinned |
| cremaster means | suspender |
| cold increases thickness to ___ heat loss | reduce |
| hot increases surface area for ___ | cooling |
| seminiferous means | sperm carrying |
| testes blood supply comes from the testicular ___ and testicular ___ | arteries and veins |
| encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes | spermatic cord |
| Interstitial cells also known as ___ outside the seminiferous tubules produce ___ | leydig cells; androgens |
| what are the external genetalia in male anatomy | scrotum and penis |
| penis means | tail |
| __ is the male copulatory organ | penis |
| ___ is the surgical removal of the foreskin | circumcision |
| erectile tissue fills with blood causing the penis to enlarge and become rigid | erection |
| Epi means | over/upon |
| Didym means | testes |
| ___ sperm enter, pass slowly through, and become ___ | non-motile; motile |
| cutting and ligating the ductus deferens which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control | vasectomy |
| urethra in male conveys both __ and ___ (at different times) | urine and semen |
| three regions of male urethra | prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy (penile) urethra |
| PSA means | prostate-specific antigen |
| thx means | theory |
| lys means | to break apart |
| only ___ ml of semen are ejaculated, containing ___ million sperm/ml | 2-5 ml; 20-150 million |
| erection can be ___ or ____ by emotions or higher mental activity | induces or inhibited |
| the inability to attain erection | impotence |
| ejaculation means | to shoot forth |
| testosterone promts ___ | spermatogenesis |
| testosterone deficiency leads to ___ | atrophy |
| Is the basis of the sex drive in males | testosterone |
| what is the name of female gonads that secretes female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) | ovaries |
| OO means | egg |
| 3 parts of ovaries ligaments | ovarian ligaments, suspensory ligament, and mesovarium |
| uterine tubes a.k.a ___ | fallopian tubes |
| usual site of fertilization | ampulla |
| constricted regions where tube joins uterus | isthmus |
| Oocyte is carried along by ___ and __ | peristalsis and ciliary action |
| Uterus is a latin word for | womb |
| gland that secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during mid-cycle | cervical glands |
| Birth canal and organ of copulation | vagina |
| vagina means | sheath |
| vulva means | covering |
| pudendum means | shameful |
| mons pubis means | mountain on the pubis |
| labia majora means | larger lips |
| labia minora means | smaller lips |
| vestibule means | entrance hall/porch |
| clitoris means | hill |
| 10% of breast cancer are due to ____ defects | hereditary |
| ____ % of women with breast cancer have no known risk factor | 70% |
| how to detect breast cancer? | self-examination and mammography |
| breast is removed along with all underlying muscles, fascia, and assoc. lymph nodes | mastectomy |
| lump is excised | lumpectomy |
| removal of breast tissue only | simple mastectomy |
| production of female gametes | oogenesis |
| In ovarian cycle, ovulation occurs in ___ | mid-cycle |
| In ovarian cycle, period of follicle growth (days 1-14) | follicular phase |
| period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28) | luteal phase |
| twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation | mittelschmerz |
| ___% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte | 1-2% |
| estrogens means | generators of sexual activity |
| pro means | for |
| gestation means | pregnancy |
| progesterone works with estrogen to establish and ___ | regulate the uterine cycle |
| T or F. Female orgasm is not essential for conception | true |
| the single most important cause of reproductive disorders | STD or STI |
| Causative agent of gonorrhea | Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| STDs that must be reported to the state/local health departments and the CDC? | chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and hepa B |
| 20% of cases in this gender display no signs or symptoms of gonorrhea | females |
| syphilis causative agent | Treponema pallidum |
| treatment of syphilis | penicillin |
| most common bacterial STI in the united states | chlamydia |
| treatment for chlamydia | tetracycline |
| causative agent of genital warts | human papilloma virus (HPV) |
| second most commone STI in the US | genital warts |
| menopause for females occurs what age? | between 45-55 |
| if female has menopause, men has ___ | andropause |
Created by:
lhen
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