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Microbiology - fin
Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The only genus of Gram-negative cocci that causes significant disease in humans is | Neisseria |
| Capsules of pathogenic enteric (relating to the intestines)bacteria are virulence factors because they | protect the bacteria from phagocytosis (The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes) and from antibodies |
| The pathogen Haemophilus influenzae type b causes | meningitis and other diseases in children |
| What bacterium causes infections in many burn victims? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Until a successful vaccine became available, what was the most common cause of meningitis in children? | Haemophilus influenzae |
| Because gonorrhea in women is frequently asymptomatic, untreated vaginal infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae can often lead to | pelvic inflammatory disease |
| What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa form that allows it to persist in patients with cystic fibrosis and make it resistant to many disinfectants and antibacterial drugs? | biofilm |
| what is an example of a biofilm? | dental plaque |
| Although it is very fastidious with respect to its nutritional requirements, Legionella pneumophila is able to survive in the environment by | invading amoebae |
| Groups of individuals most at risk of becoming infected with Neisseria meningitidis (causes meningitis) include college students in dormitories, military recruits in barracks, and prison inmates. One factor that is common to all of these groups is | crowding |
| Classifying a virus as "naked" means that the virus | lacks a lipid envelope |
| Unlike other members of its genus, Yersinia pestis (causes bubonic plague and pneumonic plague) cannot be transmitted by what mode of transmission? | fecal-oral |
| Enveloped viruses are most likely to cause disease by what mode of transmission? | direct, intimate contact |
| What does the outer membrane of a Gram-negative bacterium contain? | endotoxins, lipopolysaccharide |
| Characteristics of Gram-negative bacteria | Contain: thin layer of peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, and liposaccharides. Appear pink after staining |
| Characteristics of Gram-positive bacteria | Think layer of peptidoglycan. appear purple after staining |
| What can Gram-positive bacteria cause? | wound infections, diptheria, sore throat, scarlet fever, gas gangrene, pneumonia and toxic shock syndrome |
| what can Gram-negative bacteria cause? | dysentery, typhoid, bubonic plague, and many other diseases |
| When certain viruses lose the ability to make lipid envelope proteins, they | become avirulent |
| What is the description of most Gram-negative bacteria? | inner cell membrane, thin cell wall, outer cell membrane |
| An animal was infected with a pathogen. A mosquito bit the animal, became infected with the pathogen, and then proceeded to bite and infect a person. Which was the vector? | mosquito |
| What general term is given to a disease that is caused by an obligate, intracellular, acellular, infectious agent? | viral |
| What term describes the toxins of "gut" infecting bacteria? | enterotoxins |
| What type of toxins are produced by only Gram-negative bacteria? | endotoxins |
| Most human infections caused by species of Rickettsia are transmitted how? | vectors |
| What are the smallest cellular microbes? | rickettsias, chlamydias and mycoplasmas (lack cell walls) |
| What are the smallest intracellular bacteria? | rickettsia and chlamydia |
| What is the causative agent of Q fever? | Coxiella burnetii |
| RNA viruses from what family represent enveloped viruses with a segmented genome? | Orthomyxoviridae |
| What are the signs and symptoms of adenovirus? | fever, headache, cough, diarrhea, pinkeye |
| What disease is an inflammatory condition of the liver? | hepatitis |
| What is a distinguishing feature of poxvirus? | its large size |
| A segmented genome has | more than one strand of nucleic acid |
| The largest animal viruses are in what family? | Poxviridae |
| Facts about Q fever? | The "Q" stands for "query", it is a zoonotic disease whose most common animal reservoirs are cattle, sheep and goats, caused by Coxiella burnetii, the bacterium is an obligate intracellular pathogen |
| What viruses cause most common colds? | Rhinoviruses |
| Koplik's spots are oral lesions associated with? | Measles |
| Where is Lipid A found in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens? | the cell wall and outer membrane |
| Gram-negative, encapsulated diplococci isolated from an infected individual would indicate the presence of members of the genus | Neisseria |
| The taxonomic family Enterobacteiaceae includes what generas? | Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia |
| What is a significant causative agent of food poisoning due to the undercooking of ground beef? | E. coli 0157:H7 (specific antigen) |
| An encapsulated, opportunistic, rod-shaped coliform, that can cause pneumonia, is a member of what genera? | Klebsiella |
| What is a coliform? | Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacterium that ferments lactose and produces acid and gas. Used as an indicator. Significant numbers may indicate water pollution. |
| Endotoxins include: | lipid A molecules |
| The structures that allow epithelial invasion of adjacent cells infected with Shigella bacteria are called? | actin fibers |
| What genera includes a pathogen of the small intestine that attaches to epithelial cells and induces endocytosis? | Salmonella |
| What genera includes a pathogen of the colon (large intestine) that attaches to epithelial cells and induces endocytosis? | Shigella |
| The lysis of epithelial cells due to an abscess that forms in the colon cells is caused by members of what genera? | Shigella |
| DNA viruses in what family are potentially well suited for vaccinations? | Poxviridae |
| What is an example of a retrovirus? | HIV |
| What is another commonly used name for the small pox virus? | variola |
| What RNA viruses, that represent the causative agent of most common colds, are limited to infecting the upper respiratory tract? | Rhinoviruses |
| H1N1 is an enveloped virus with a segmented genome consisting of 8 individual pieces of RNA and causes influenza. This virus is classified in which viral "taxonomic family"? | Orthomyxoviridae |
| Influenza viruses contain a lipid envelope that include the presence of proteins called? think of H1N1 | Nuraminindase (N) and Hemagglutinin (H) |
| What is the name of the enzyme that allows HIV to produce a DNA copy from a single stranded RNA template? | reverse transcriptase |
| What is a DNA virus that can establish itself as a pathogen of the intestinal tract, causing a mild form of diarrhea? | adenovirus |
| The polio virus genome is composed of: | +ssRNA |
| What is an enveloped virus? | A virus with a bilayer membrane outside its capsid |
| If the envelope of a particular virus were unstable outside the host's body, how would the virus be transmitted? | intimate contact |
| Rubella (three day measles) | caused by a virus, transmitted by air or close contact, rash, diagnosed by nasal or throat swab, MMR vaccine |
| Measles (Rubeola) | caused by a virus, spread by contact with droplets from the nose, mouth or throat. Koplik's spots inside mouth. There is a vaccine. Recovery provides immunity |
| Roseola (sixth disease) | caused by human herpesvirus 6, swollen lymph nodes in the neck or back of scalp, rash and high fever |
| Chickenpox (Varicella) | caused by varicella-zoster virus, member of herpes family, transmitted by touching fluids from blisters, coughing or sneezing. there is a vaccine |
| Smallpox (variola major and minor) | caused by a virus, transmitted by saliva droplets, bed sheets or clothing. eradicated |
| Ringworm (Dermotyphid; Tinea) | skin infection caused by a fungus, transmitted via direct contact, treated with over-the-counter antifungals |
| Anthrax | caused by Bacillus anthracis. Spore-forming. Three kinds: cutaneous, respiratory, intestinal |
| Lyme Disease | caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, named for town in CT, bull's eye rash mistaken for ringworm, flu-like symptoms, can become systemic and have severe side effects. diagnosed with antibody test. doxycycline and amoxicillin |
| Scarlet fever is caused by: | Steptococcus pyogenes |
| Burn infections | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens |
| Genital Warts is caused by: | Human papilloma virus (HPV) |
| Opportunistic fungal infections, such as yeast infections and Thrush, are caused by: | Candida albicans |
| What is the staining and morphology of Neisseria gonorrhea? | Gram-negative, cocci |
| What are prions? | infectious particles made of protein. They start as normal proteins but become folded incorrectly. cause neurological degenerative diseases, such as mad cow disease. |
| What is the blood brain barrier? | Formation in the brain of special thick-walled capillaries without pores in their walls that limit entry of substances into brain cells. |
| Bacteremia | small numbers of bacteria in the blood, non-invasive |
| Septicemia | "blood poisoning", large numbers of bacteria in the blood, invasive, Gram-negative association. can cause diseases such as Septic Shock |
| Tularemia | Francisella tularensis. Gram-negative, nonmotile coccobacillus |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | rickettsial disease |
| Leishmaniasis | protozoan systemic disease. Leishmania donovani |
| Malaria | protozoan systemic disease. Plasmodium species |
| Toxoplasmosis | protozoan systemic disease. Toxoplasma gondii |
| Listeriosis | Listeria monocytogenes, Gram positive bacillus that is widely distributed in nature. Food-borne transmission by improperly processed milk, cheese, meat, and vegetables is the most common source of infection, surviving both high and low temperatures. |
| Rabies | a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in warm-blooded animals. The disease is zoonotic. Bats are particularly dangerous because they are asymptomatic and shed viruses into their feces, urine, and saliva. |
| Encephalitis | Togavirus, Flavivirus |
| West Nile Fever | West Nile Virus. Emerging disease. causes significant encephalitis |
| Tetanus | Clostridium tetani. spores. severe muscle contractions. can actually break the person's back |
| Botulism | Clostridium botulinum |
| Poliomyelitis | Viral Nerve Disease. 3 strains of poliovirus |
| African Sleeping sickness | Parasitic Disease of the Nervous System. Trypanosoma brucei |
| Chagas’ Disease | Parasitic Disease of the Nervous System. Trypanosoma cruzi |
| Hansen’s Disease | Bacterial Nerve disease. acid-fast, bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | all neural structures outside of the CNS |
| Meninges | membrane protective coverings of connective tissue around brain and spinal cord |
| Brain Abscesses - Pathogens | any microorganism that crosses the blood-brain barrier (opportunistic micro flora or true pathogens) – primarily bacterial. The bacteria grow into a mass that compresses the brain. |
| Viral Meningitis | Unlike bacterial meningitis, which is always fatal if untreated, viral meningitis is usually self-limiting and nonfatal |
| When is it inappropriate to prescribe antibiotics? | when treating viral diseases |
| What are the 4 types of toxins? | endotoxins, enterotoxins, exotoxins, neurotoxins |
| What do diseases do neurotoxins cause? | Botulism and Tetanus. both are Clostridial |
| What is the causative agent and virulence factors of anthrax? | Bacillus anthracis. Exotoxins and endospore formation |
| What is the most common type of vectors? | arthropods. mosquitoes, ticks, etc. |
| What is viremia? | viral infection in the blood |
| What is the staining and morphology of Neisseria? | Gram-negative, cocci. It is significant |
| what is the causative agent of Meningococcal meningitis? | Neisseria meningitidis |
| what is the causative agent of Haemophilus meningitis? | Haemophilus influenzae. it is bacterial, not viral. |
Created by:
Bojacks2
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