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BIO 110 Post Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Species definition (biological species concept) | One or more populations of individuals that interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring |
| Species definition limitations (biological species concept) | fossil species; asexual species; organisms separated by distance |
| Species criteria (biological species concept) | Interbreeding must produce fertile offspring and occur under natural conditions |
| Differentiate between the two reproductive barriers | Prezygotic: Prevent fertilization Postzygotic: Development fails or offspring is sterile |
| Differentiate between the two isolation mechanisms | Allopatric: Geographic barrier provides isolation Sympatric: Isolation by way of genetic means |
| Define (a) diploid, (b) haploid, (c) polyploid, (d)triploid, (e) tetraploid | a. chromosomes in pairs b. one chromosome of each type c. more than 2 chromosomes of each type d. 3 chromosomes of each type e. 4 chromosomes of each type |
| Define meiosis | Cell division that produces cell which contain ONE representative from each pair Produces gametes (egg and sperm) |
| Define mitosis | Cell division which produces cells which contain the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the original cell |
| What are the two sympatric mechanisms that generate new species? | Autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy |
| Differentiate between auto and allo polyploidy | auto: One species generates one other species due to a meotic error allo: 2 species generate another species to to mitotic error |
| Autopolyploidy | * See notes |
| Allopolyploidy | * See notes |
| What's the linnaean system for classifying organisms? | (Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach) Kingdon-->Phylum-->Class-->Order-->Family-->Genus-->Species |
| What was added to the linnaean system and where? | Domains (Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria) to the top |
| What is teh understanding of ancestory between species and all other levels of organisms? | Phylogeny |
| What are the two ways to categorize phylogenetic information? | Homology: similarities due to common ancestory (best) Analogy: similarities due to common solution to a survival problem |
| What are the three main ways to classify the animal phyla? | Body plans (tissues, symmetry, coelom) Development (early digestive system) Molecular level |
| How many major animal phyla are there? | 15 |
| What are the 5 common features of animal phyla? | 1. eukaryotic 2. metazoan (multicellular) 3. lack cell wall 4. heterotrophs 5. internal digestion |
| What is the simplest animal phyla? | Phylum Porifera: Sponges (no internal organization/tissues) |
| Describe the cnidarians and ctenophors (3 similarities; 1 difference) | 1. dipoblastic: 2-layered 2. simple tissues 3. radial symmetry 4. ctenophors have mouth and anus; cnidarians have 1 hole |
| Define acoelomate | Filled coelom; muscle tissue allows for flexibility e.g. planaria |
| Define pseudocoelomate | Outer layer covered on the inside with space between inner. Muscle provides mobility and space adds flexibility |
| Define coelomate | Muscle for movement around endo adn ectoderm; flexibilty from some space; attachment between layers allows for specialized funcitons |
| How do you organize bilaterians? | Coelom |
| How do you organize coelomates? | Blastopore development |
| Differentate between protostomes and deuterostomes (2) | P: ventral (belly) nerve chord; mouth forms at blastopore d: dorsal (back) nerve chord; anus froms at blastopore |
| Define blastopore and coelomate | Blastopore: Digestive hole taht develops first Coelomate: Space between endo and ectoderm |
| What are the 5 common features of plants? | 1. Eukaryotic 2. Autotrophic (through photosynthesis) 3. Cell wall made of cellulose 4. Chlorophyll a & b 5. Alternation of Generations |
| Differentiate between sporophyte and gametophyte generation | S: Diploid cells make haploid spores by was of meiosis G: haploid cells make gametes by way of mitosis |
| How does the sporophyte size change with complexity of the organism? | Increasing complexity --> increasing sporophyte size |
| How did land plants adapt? | 1. Developed cuticle to hold water (waxy leaf coating 2. Seeds to protect embryos 3. Some - vascular tissue for fluid conduction |
| How are nonvascular different from vascular plants? | Nontracheophytes: moist habitats, small, gametophyte larger than sporophyte; e.g. moss |
| Differentiate between the two types of seed bearing plants | Gymnosperms: naked seeds Angiosperms: fruit covered seeds; flowers |
| What are the two types of vascular tissue present in all tracheophytes? | 1. Xylem: water conduction 2. Phloem: sugar transport |
| What are the 5 necessary functions of genetic material? | 1. Store info in a stable form 2. Info. must be readable 3. Info. must be replicated 4. Info. must be equaly partitioned during cell division 5. Info. must change (mutate) |
| What did the Griffith experiment determine? What were the controls? | Showed a method for transferring genetic material. Controls: Smooth (deadly) injection; Rough (nonvirulent) injection; Heated/dead smooth bacteria alone |
| What did Avery, McCarty, and Macleod do? | used Griffith's transformation method along with biochemically altering dead smooth bacteria to determine DNA was the transforming principle |
| How did Watson and Crick determine the structure of DNA? | Chargraff's rules: A-T and C-G Double helix (Franklin/Wilkins) Built models (No experimenting) |
| Describe the basic DNA model determined by Watson and Crick | 2 polar polynucleotide strands (3' & 5') Double helix held together by h-bonds between base pairs Strands are antiparallel (5'-3' with 3'-5') |
| How are DNA base pairs complimentary? | A-T & C-G Big purine with small pyrimidine for constant width |
Created by:
jkmccord11
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