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Test 3
Chapter 22, 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Soft palate and uvula close ___ during swallowing | nasopharynx |
| (breathing) movement of air into and out of the lungs | pulmonary ventilation |
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the lungs and the blood | external respiration |
| oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood | transport |
| oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues | internal respiration |
| Respiratory system | pulmonary ventilation and external respiration |
| circulatory system | external respiration, transport and internal respiration |
| The major organ of respiratory system | lungs |
| Organs of respiratory system | nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their branches, lungs and alveoli |
| site of gas exchange | respiratory zone |
| conduits to gas exchange sites | conducting zone |
| diaphragm and other muscles that promotes ventilation | respiratory muscles |
| Provides and airway for respiration, moistens and warms the entering air, filters and cleans inspired air, serves as a resonating chamber for speech and houses olfactory receptors | The Nose |
| The nose houses ___ receptors | olfactory |
| Two regions of the nose | external nose and nasal cavity |
| root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex | external nose |
| in and posterior to the external nose | nasal cavity |
| apex means | point |
| a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex | philtrum |
| bounded laterally by the alae | nostrils (nares) |
| nasal cavity superior to the nostrils | vestibule |
| lines the superior nasal cavity and contains smell receptors | olfactory mucosa |
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium | respiratory mucosa |
| Respiratory mucosa ___ triggers sneezing | sensory nerve endings |
| Enhance air turbulence | nasal conchae |
| During ____, the conchae and nasal mucosa filter, heat and moisten air | inhalation |
| during ___ these structures reclaim heat and moisture | exhalation |
| In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones | paranasal sinuses |
| function of paranasal sinuses | lighten the skull |
| muscular tube that connect to the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly, laraynx and esophagus inferiorly | pharynx |
| Pharynx is from the base of the skull to the level of the ___ | sixth cervical vertebra |
| Three parts of pharynx | Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| attaches the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx | larynx |
| larynxy continue with the ___ | trachea |
| provides a patent airway, routes air and food into proper channges, voice production | larynx |
| Cartilages of the larynx | hyaline cartilage, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage |
| Laryngeal prominence is also known as | adam's apple |
| ring shaped cartilage | cricoid cartilage |
| cartilage of epiglottis | elastic cartilage |
| ___ covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing | epiglottis |
| Form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords) | larynx: vocal ligaments |
| opening between them is the glottis. Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs | vocal ligaments |
| false vocal cords | vestibular folds |
| no part in sound production. Help to close the glottis during swallowing | Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) |
| intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis | speech |
| is determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords | pitch |
| depends upon the force of air | loudness |
| chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities ___ and ___ | amplify and enhance sound quality |
| __ is "shaped" into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips | sound |
| larynx a.k.a | voicebox |
| helps the sound production | true vocal cords |
| glottis closes to prevent exhalation. abdominal muscles contact, intra-abdominal pressure rises. helps to empty the rectum or stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting | valsalva's maneuver |
| inflammation of the vocal folds | laryngitis |
| Trachea a.k.a | windpipe |
| trachea walls is composed of three layers | mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia |
| from the larynx into the mediastinum | trachea |
| ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells | mucosa |
| connective tissue with seromucous glands | submucosa |
| outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped ring of hyaline cartilage | adventitia |
| carina a.k.a | keel |
| point where trachea branches into two bronchi | carina |
| a procedure where air in the victims lungs is used to expel an obstruction (food or other article cutting off the air supply) | Heimlich maneuver |
| air passageways undergo ___ of branching. This branching pattern is often called the ___. | 23 orders; bronchial (repiratory) tree |
| about 300 million alveoli (thin walled sacks) account for most of the lungs' volume and are the ___ | main site for gas exchange |
| alveol means | small cavity |
| sorrounded by fine elastic fibers | alveoli |
| Alveoli house alveolar macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces __ | sterile |
| occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum | lungs |
| superior tip of the lungs | apex |
| lungs inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm | base |
| site for attachment of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves | hilum |
| concavity that accomodates the heart | cardiac notch of left lung |
| __ lung is smaller, separated into __ lobes by an oblique fissure | left; two |
| __ has 3 lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures | righ lung |
| __ are the smallest subdivisions; served by bronchioles and their branches | lobules |
| Bronchopulmonary segments | (10 right, 8-9 left) |
| Pleurae means | sides |
| Thin double-layered serosa | pleurae |
| provides lubraction and surfaction tension | pleural fluid |
| Two phases of pulmonary ventilation | inspiration, expiration |
| gases flow into the lungs | inspiration |
| gases exit the lungs | expiration |
| P atm | atmospheric pressure |
| pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body | atmospheric pressue |
| unit of atmospheric pressure | mmHg |
| T or F. Respiratory pressures are not always described relative to P atm. | False |
| Negative respiratory pressure is __ P atm | less than |
| Positive respiratory pressure is ___ P atm | greater than |
| __ respiratory pressure = P atm | zero |
| the pressure in the alveoli | intrapulmonary pressure |
| P pul | intrapulmonary pressure |
| pressure fluctuates with breathing, and always eventualy equalizes with P atm | intrapulmonary pressure |
| pressure in the pleural cavity | intrapleural pressure |
| P ip | intrapleural pressure |
| pressure that fluctuates with breathing | intrapleural pressure |
| lung collapse | atelectasis |
| pneumothorax means | air thorax |
| in pulmonary ventilation, when the volume changes the __ changes | pressure |
| in pulmonary ventilation, when the pressure changes ___ flow to equalize pressure | gases |
| inspiration is ___ process | active |
| Expiration is __ process | passive |
| ___ expiration is an active process | forced |
| used to asses a person's respiratory status | respiratory volumes |
| TV means | tidal volume |
| IRV means | inspiratory reserve volume |
| ERV means | expiratory reserve volume |
| RV means | residual volume |
| IC means | inspiratory capacity |
| FRC means | functional residual capacity |
| VC means | vital capacity |
| TLC means | total lung capacity |
| instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities | spirometer |
| spirometer is also know as | Peak flow meter |
| spirometry can distinguish between | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and restrictive disorders |
| increased in airway resistance (e.g. bronchitis) | COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| reduction in total lung capacity due to structural or functional lung changes (e.g. fibrosis or TB) | restrictive disorder |
| total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute | minute ventilation |
| gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath | forced vital capacity (FVC) |
| the amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC | forced expiratory volume (FEV) |
| Increases in __,__, and __ may occur as a result of obstructive disease | TLC, FRC, and RV |
| Reduction in __, __, __ and ___ result from restrictive disease | VC, TLC, FRC, RV |
| cough, sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawns are examples of: | nonrespiratoy air movements |
| Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas | Dalton's law of partial pressure |
| When a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure | Henry's law |
| Transports of respiratory gases by blood | oxygen transport and carbon dioxide transport |
| Inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues | hypoxia |
| __ is determined by how actively the respiratory center stimulates the respiratory muscles | depth |
| __ is determined by how long the inspiratory center is active | rate |
| T or F Depth and Rate are modified in response to changed body demands | true |
| increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds the body's need to remove carbon dioxide | hyperventilation |
| caused carbon dioxide, levels to decline | hypocapnia |
| period of breathing cessation that occurs when carbon dioxide pressure is abnormall low | apnea |
| Quick travel to altitudes above ___ may produce symptoms of acute mountain sickness | 8000 feet |
| AMS means | acute mountain sickness |
| SOB means | shortness of breath |
| n/v means | nausea |
| Dyspnea means | air hunger |
| dys means | difficult |
| infectious disease caused by the bacterium | tuberculosis |
| treatment of tuberculosis | 12-month course of antibiotics |
| leading cause of cancer deaths in north america | lung cancer |
| three most common types of lung cancer | squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma |
| The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas | Boyle's law |
| formula of Boyle's law | P1V1 = P2V2 |
| by the ___, a baby born prematurely can breathe on its own | 28th week |
| Respiratory rate is higher in ___ | newborns |
| Aliment means | nourish |
| digest means | dissolved |
| takes in food, breaks it down into nutrient molecules, absorbs these molecules into the blood stream, and rids body of the indigestible remains | digestive system |
| Two groups of digestive organs | Gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs |
| sixth essential activities of digestive system | ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation |
| put food in mouth | ingestion |
| swallowing and movement of food through alimentary canal | propulsion |
| movement of food | peristalsis |
| peri means | around |
| stalsis means | constriction |
| two forms of movement | peristalsis and segmentation |
| mastication means | to chew |
| mastication, churning and segmentation | mechanical stage |
| enzymatic break down of food molecules | chemical digestion |
| small intestines absorb digested end products | absorption |
| feces are eliminated from the anus | defecation |
| tunics means | covering |
| four basic layers of the alimentary canal | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa |
| tissue in layer 1 mucosa | epithelium |
| inner most layer, contains mycus-secreting cells | layer 1 mucosa |
| tissue in layer 2 mucosa | lamina propria |
| loose areolar connective tissue, capillaries for nourishment and absorption | layer 2 mucosa |
| tissue in layer 3 mucosa | muscularis mucosae |
| contains smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa | layer 3 mucosa |
| dense connective tissue. Blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus | submucosa |
| responsible for segmentation and peristalsis. inner circular and outer longitudinal layers. myenteric nerve plexus, sphincters in some regions | muscularis externa |
| visceral peritoneum. A single layer of squamous epithelial cells | serosa |
| Oral (buccal) cavity. Performs mastication for nourishment | mouth |
| contain orbicularis oris and buccination muscles | lips and cheeks |
| vestibule means | porch |
| labial means | lips |
| recess internal to lips and cheeks, external to teeth and gums | vestibule |
| median attachment of each lip to the gum | labial frenulum |
| palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae | hard palate |
| fold formed mostly of skeletal muscles | soft palate |
| finger-like projection that points down from the free edge of the soft palate | uvula |
| uvula means | little grape |
| close off nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity | uvula |
| contributes to snoring and to sound/speech | uvula |
| repositioning and mixing food during chewing. formation of the bolus. initiation of swallowing, speech, and tase | tongue |
| bolus means | lump |
| change the shape of the tongue | intrisic muscles |
| alter the tongue's position | exterinsic muscles |
| attachment to the floor of the mouth | lingual frenulum |
| whitish, give the tongue roughness and provide friction | filiform |
| reddish, scattered over the tongue | fungiform |
| V-shaped row in back of tongue | circumvallate |
| on the lateral aspects of the posterior tongue | foliate |
| Terminal sulcus marks the division between ___ and ___ | body and root |
| what are the parts of extrinsic salivary glands | parotid, submandibular and sublingual |
| par means | near |
| otid means | the ear |
| anterior to the ear external to the masseter muscle | parotid gland |
| medial to the body of the mandible | submandibular gland |
| anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue | sublingual gland |
| composition of salive | 97-99% water |
| why saliva contains cyanide compound? | to protect against microorganisms |
| 2 types of teeth | primary (deciduous) and permanent |
| dentitions are formed by age __ | 21 |
| __ teeth erup (6-24 months of age) | 20 deciduous teeth |
| roots are resorbed, teeth fall out at the age of ___ | 6-12 years |
| how many permanent teeth do we have? | 32 permanent teeth |
| 4 types of teeth | incisors, canines, premolars and molars |
| chisel shaped for cutting | incisors |
| (eye teeth) fang-like teeth that tear or pierce | canines |
| a bicuspids teeth | premolars |
| have broad and crowns with rounded cusps for grinding and crushing | premolars and molars |
| Deciduous teeth formula | 2-1-0-2 |
| tooth structure: the exposed part above the gingiva | crown |
| tooth structure: portion embedded in the jawbone | root |
| odont means | tooth |
| peri means | around |
| bone-like material under enamel. Maintained by odontoblasts | dentin |
| root canal extends from pulp cavity to the __ of the root | apical foramen |
| caries means | rottenness |
| gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin | dental caries |
| adheres to teeth | dental plaque |
| prevention of tooth and gum disease | daily flossing and brushing |
| colors range from yellow to brown to gray and even striation occur | Discolored teeth |
| all deviations from the normal composition of enamel from missing/absent enamel to localization (pitting) | hypoplasia |
| plaque calcifies to form calculus (tartar) | gingivitis |
| calculus means | stone |
| Allow passage of food, fluids and air, stratified squamous epithelium lining, skeletal muscle layers: inner longitudinal, outer pharyngeal constrictors | oropharynxy and laryngopharynx |
| esophagus means | carry food |
| flat muscular tube from laryngopharynx to stomach | esophagus |
| esophageal glands in submucosa secrete mucus to aid in __ movement | bolus |
| function of mouth | ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, propulsion |
| deglutition means | swallowing |
| buccal means | cheek |
| cardia means | near the heart |
| Gross anatomy of stomach | cardiac region, fundus, body, pyloric region, greater curvature, lesser curvature, lesser omentum, greater omentum |
| pylorus means | gatekeeper |
| antrum means | cave |
| convex lateral | greater curvature |
| concave medial | lesser curvature |
| oment means | fatty skin |
| inflammation of stomach | gastritis |
| erosion of the stomach wall | peptic or gastric ulcers |
| chyme means | juice |
| what is pernicious anemia? | lack of intrinsic factor |
| major organ of digestion and absorption | small intestine |
| three subdivisions of small intestine | Duodenum, jejunum, Ileum |
| Duodenum means | twelve finger widths long |
| jejunum means | empty |
| ileum means | twisted |
| Force chyme to slowly spiral through lumen | circular folds |
| villi means | tufts of hair |
| motile finger-like extensions of the mucosa | villi |
| projections (brush order) of absorptive cells | microvilli |
| facilitates transport and absorption of nutrients | intestinal juice |
| largest gland in the body | liver |
| four lobes of liver | righ, left, caudate, quadrate |
| separates the (larger) right and (smaller) left lobes | falciform ligament |
| remnant of fetal umbilical vein | round ligament |
| the most superior area on the liver | the bare area |
| Process bloodborne nutrients, store fat soluble vitamins, perform detoxification, produce ~900 bile per day | hepatocyte |
| hepato means | liver |
| cyte means | cell |
| yellow-green, alkaline solution | Bile |
| Bile produce during | Dry heaves |
| cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption | bile salts |
| pigment formed from heme | bilirubin |
| Bile contains | bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes |
| the size of kiwi fruit. Thin walled, green muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver | gallbladder |
| pan means | all |
| creas means | flesh, meat |
| watery alkaline solution (pH8) neutralizes chyme | pancreatic juice |
| most common motion of the small intestines | segmentation |
| Meal remnants, bacteria, and debris are moved to the large intestine | peristalsis |
| Regions of large intestines | cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal |
| Rectum mean | straight |
| The large segment of the large intestine | anal canal |
| types of muscle: internal anal sphincter | smooth muscle |
| types of muscle: external anal sphincter | skeletal muscle |
| colonize the colon, ferment indigestible carbohydrates, release irritating acids and gases, synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K are the functions of: | bacterial flora |
| major functions of the large intestine | propulsion of feces toward the anus |
| __ is not essential for life | colon |
| slow segmenting movements, sequentially contract in response to distension | Haustral contraction |
| initiated by presence of food in the stomach | gastrocolic reflex |
| Mass movement force feces into rectum, conscious control allows relaxation of external anal sphincter | Defecation |
| During ___, GI tract activity declines, absorption is less efficient and perestalsis is slowed | old age |
| __ and __ cancers rarely have early signs or symptoms | stomach and colon cancers |
Created by:
lhen
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