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IP Multicast
Multicast Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do Multicast sessions work with Routers? | 1) Multicast Request -- IGMP message sent towards Class D Broadcast Address 2) Multicast Data sent -- continual heartbeat messages sent 3) Leave Request -- IGMP request sent to local router to stop multicast streaming to that device |
| What issues occur with Layer 2 Devices in Multicast? | By default, L2 switch treats multicast traffic like an unknown MAC address or a broadcast packet--RESULT: Stream flooded out on every port with connected end station. |
| What messages are used between Local Multicast Router and Destination (L2 devices/hosts)? How about Network routers up the chain towards source? | 1) IGMP messages 2) PIM Messages (PIM = Protocol-Independent Multicast) |
| What range of addresses are Multicast Link-Local Addresses? | 224.0.0.0/24 |
| What range of addresses are Multicast Source-Specific? | 232.0.0.0/8 |
| What range of addresses are Multicast GLOP? | 233.0.0.0/8 |
| What range of addresses are Multicast Administratively Scoped Addresses? | 239.0.0.0/8 |
| What range of addresses are Multicast Globally Scoped Addresses? | 224.0.1.0-231.255.255.255 & 234.0.0.0-238.255.255.255 |
| What issue is there with Multicast Addressing at L2? | When mapping Class D addresses to MAC addresses, 5 bits are lost. 2^5 = 32 possible MAC addresses per Class D IP address! called the 32:1 Address Overlap issue. |
| What does IGMP stand for? | Internet Group Management Protocol --IGMPv3 is current version |
| What types of IGMP requests exist? | -Membership Query -Membership Report/Join -Leave Group |
| IGMPv1 lacks what kind of message? | Leave Group Leaving accomplished by time out after 3 mins |
| IGMPv1 header | -Version -Type -Unused -Checksum -Group Address (0.0.0.0 for Host Membership Query) |
| IGMPv2 Header | -Type (Combined Version/Type from IGMPv1) -Max Response Time -Checksum -Group Address |
| What is IGMP Snooping? | Mechanism to combat L2 Default flooding response. Allows switches to prune multicast traffic from links not containing a multicast listener. |
| What two types of Multicast Distribution trees can be setup? | -Shortest Path Tree -Shared Tree --Root of Shared Tree located at "Rendezvous Point." Path MAY NOT be optimal! |
| What two models for PIM routing exist? | -Dense Mode (Push Model) -Sparse Mode(Pull Model) |
| What is the purpose of Multicast RPF? | Reverse Path Forwarding -Used to ensure loop-free forwarding of multicast packets |
| What is a TTL Threshold? | Time To Live Threshold -Values set on router interface. Aim is to limit the forwarding of multicast traffic. Packets with TTL > threshold are dropped |
Created by:
glarsen117
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