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BIO 110 - Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In photosynthesis plants create __________ carbons. In respiration carbons are __________ to release energy. | reduced; oxidized |
| How does the cell control teh release of energy from glucose? | Complex, step-wise process |
| What are the four major steps in cellular respiration | 1. Glycolysis 2. Oxidation of pyruvate 3. Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle 4. E-transport chain/ Chemiosmosis |
| What are the two means of ATP synthesis and their differences? | 1. Chemiosmosis: from p+ gradient, requires mitochondria, e-transport chain, p+pumps, and ATP synthase enzyme 2. Substrate Level Phosphorylation: 1 step reaction, direct transfer of P to ADP |
| Inputs and Output of Glycolysis | Inputs: Glucose, Phosphate (for Substrate level phosporylation), 2 ATP, ADP +Pi and NAD (to make ATP and carry e-) Outputs: Pyruvate (2 per 1 glucose), 4ATP (gross)/ 2ATP(net), MADH |
| Location and number of steps in glycolysis | cytoplasm; 10 |
| What are the priming steps in glycolysis? | 1-5; Energy investing reactions,uses 2 ATP to phosphorolate glucose (makes more chem. reactive and increases potential energy) |
| What happens in steps 5-10 of the Krebs Cycle? | 5,6,7 reverse of Calvin Benson Cycle: oxidize G3P to make PGA and 2 NADH; 4 ATP made via 2 rounds of substrate level phosphorolation 2 C-3 Pyruvate produced |
| What determines the fate of pyruvate? | The presence of oxygen |
| Cellular respiration vs. Fermentation | 1. aerobic (w/ Oxygen); complete oxidation; produces CO2, max. 36 ATP; 38% efficeiency 2. anaerobic(w/out Oxygen); incomplete oxidation; produces organic compounds and 2 ATP (from glycolysis); 2% efficiency |
| Purpose of fermentation and e.g. in alcohol and humans | Regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis; Alcohol - pyruvate reduced to ethanol Humans - pyruvate reduced to lactic acid |
| 5 steps of respiration | 1. Oxidize pyruvate to acetyl CoA 2. Acetyl oxidized in Krebs Cycle 3. E- feed into e- transport chain 4. Chain produces p+ gradient 5. ATP sythase enzyme uses p+ gradient to produce ATP |
| Describe the oxidation of pyruvate | Requires NAD from NIACIN and Acetyl-CoA from PANTOTHENIC ACID; Converts pyruvate (3C) to acetyl CoA (2C); removes CO2; produces 1 NADH |
| Where does respiration occur? | Mitochondria |
| Describe the Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle | NOTES |
| Where does the Krebs Cycle occur? | Matrix of mitochondria |
| Inputs and outputs of Citric Acid Cycle | Inputs: Acetyl-CoA, riboflavin(FAD), niacin()NAD+), pantothenic acid (CoA) Outputs: 6 NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, ATP (Made once via subst. level phosphorolation) |
| Where does the mitochondrial electron transport and ATP production occur? | Cristae (folded INNER membrane) |
| What is the final electron acceptor in respiration? | O2 |
| What's different about the electron transport chain/ ATP synthesis in respiration from that of photosynthesis? | In respiration there are 3 p+ pumps |
| Why can bacteria produce 38 ATP as opposed to 36 in eukaryotic cells? | Don't have a membrane, so doesn't take energy to move NADH from cytoplasm |
| Describe the cycle of energy sources in cells during exercise | ATP used up in 1 sec; Phosphocreatine coupled to ADP ---> ATP used up in 4 sec; ATP from glycolysis for about 2 min; Aerobic cellular respiration makes ATP |
| Linear growth | Fixed number of units reproduced per generation dN/dt = C |
| Exponential growth | Fixed proportion of individuals reproduced per generation dN/dt=rN |
| Logistic growth | exponential growth limited by carrying capacity dN/dt = rN((K-N)/K) |
| Define carrying capacity | The maximum amount an environment can support for any population |
| Effect on growth rate (dN/dt)? 1. small N, big K 2. as N approaches K 3. N=K 4. N>K | 1. exponential (rN) 2. decreases 3. 0; level 4. negative; population decreases |
| Who realized not all offspring survive, limiting the population? Who realized differential survival was a factor in changes over time? | Thomas Malthes Charles Darwin |
| Define evolution | The allele/genotype frequencies of a population change over time |
| Define population | localized group of interbreeding species members |
| Define gene pool | all of the allels in the population |
| Define allele | varations of a gene(A, a) |
| Define genotype | the alleles of one individual (AA, Aa, aa) |
| Define genotype frequency | (Number of specific genotypes)/(number of organisms) |
| Define allele frequency | (Number of specific allele types)/(Total number alleles) |
| What's genetic stability and why discuss it? | allele and genotype frequencies are stable/ population will not evolve; allow us to determine what forces act on an evolving population |
| What are teh 5 conditions of stability? | 1. No mutations 2. No natural selection 3. No immigration/emmigration 4. Random choice of mates 5. Large population size |
| Immigration vs. Emigration | Entering; leaving population |
| Where do mutation occur and what are their major and minor effects? | Gametes/cells becoming gametes Minor: alter allele frequencies Major: Provide diversity |
| Define fitness | the ability to survive and reproduce |
| What does the fitness of mutation depend on? | The environment |
| Define heterozygote | Have dominant and recessive allele |
| What does natural selection do? | Nonrandom, favored variants dominate; alter allele and genotype frequencies over time |
| What's the relationship of natural selection to mutations and population growth? | Mutations provide diveristy; Population growth provides numbers of each type of mutation; Natural selection workson the vast diversity |
| Describe the 3 types of natural selection | 1. Stabalizing: averages selected for, extremes selected against 2. Directional: one extreme selected for and one selected against; shift 3. Disruptive: average selected against, extremes selected for; could eventual split into two populations |
| What are teh 5 evolutionary forces? | 1. mutation 2. natural selection 3. immigration/emigration 4. choice of mates (nonrandom.. close by, similar) 5. small population size |
| Describe the two types of genetic drift | 1. Genetic bottleneck: caused by natural disaster 2. Founder effect: colonization |
| Define genetic drift | Small subset drawn from larger population with different allele frequency as original |
| What's the role of heterozygosity and sexual recombination in the maintenance of this diversity? | Heterozygotes carry and mask the recessive alleles; Sexual recombination generates new allele variants in the gene pool |
| For which step of cellular respiration is the most energy obtained? | The production of NADH from the Krebs cycle |
| How are chemiosmosis and glycolysis similar? | Both produce ATP |
| What happens to the electrons harvested through the reduction of NAD+ during the Krebs cycle? | They enter the electron transport chain and provide energy to pump protons |
Created by:
jkmccord11
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