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BIO111
Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the DNA monomer made up of? | Base, Sugar (deoxyribose), and Phosphate |
| What is the RNA monomer made up of? | Base, Sugar (ribose), and Phosphate |
| DNA polymerase | protein that's an enzyme that reads DNA strand and assembles a complementary strand |
| Helicase protein | help make a complementary strand of DNA by unzipping DNA and splitting it down the middle |
| 3 steps as to how proteins are made | 1) DNA unzipped by helicane protein 2) Assemble, in the nucleus, a strand of mRNA from DNA strand 3) DNA gets rezipped up--mRNA leaves the nucleus to go to ribosomes |
| Codon | a set of 3 DNA bases; each codon codes for a specific amino acid |
| mRNA start & stop codons | start: AUG stop: UAA, UGA, UAG |
| DNA start & stop codons | start: TAC stop: ATT, ACT, ATC |
| Transcription | makes mRNA copy from DNA |
| Translation | mRNA & other RNA making the protein |
| Anagenetic evolution | non-branching, straight line evolution through time |
| cladogenetic (or branching) evolution | starts with a single ancestral species and splits into 2 daughter species |
| phyletic speciation | new species occurring on an anagenetic line (crazy anthropologist one) |
| Problems with the biological species definition | 1) Asexual species (reproduce by splitting; ex:amoeba) 2) Species thru time (fossils) 3) Species over distance (sometimes at opposites end of a range are too different to interbreed |
| "Ring Species" | also called: rassekreiss --has a distribution around a barrier (a lake, etc.) that forms a circle of the animals |
| How do populations change thru time? | mutations |
| Types of mutations | Chromosomal mutation, point mutation, frame shift mutation |
| Chromosomal Mutation | major change in one of your chromosomes; almost always harmful ex: trisomy 21 (change in # of chromosomes) |
| Point Mutation | change in a specific base within a gene in DNA |
| Frame Shift Mutation | duplicated a region of DNA |
| Hugo DeVries | first described point mutations and coined the term mutation |
| Hugo DeVries def. of Mutation | any sudden heritable change in genotype other than genetic recombination |
| How often do point mutations occur? | answer: an average of four point mutation per 10^9 new cells (4/1 billion) for a specific experiment with petri dishes |
| Point mutation rate for all human beings? | Range from 1/100,00 to 1/1 million |
| Average rate? | one mutation per 200,000 copies of DNA OR one mutation per every 10 gametes you produce |
| Fisher | scientist who studied how long new point mutations persist and decided that after 27 generations, 99% chance that the mutation would disappear |
Created by:
amay322
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