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Biology For Newbies
Biology Simple
| WORD | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|
| MATTER* | matter takes up space matter has mass MATTER can take several forms: solids, liquids, gases. -MATTER* |
| Solids | SOLIDS have a definite shape and size, such as a person or a brick. -MATTER* |
| Liquids | LIQUIDS have a definite volume. They can fill a container, but they take the shape of the ontainer that they fill. -MATTER* |
| Gases | GASES are easy to compress and expand to fill a container. -MATTER* |
| ATOMS* | ATOM is the smalles whole, stable piece of an element that still has all the properties of an element. The smallest peice of matter that can be measured. Every atom contains even smaller peices known as subatomic particles (protons neutrons electrons) |
| Ions | IONS are charged atoms. Positve (+) ions have more portons than electrons: Negative (-) ions have more electrons than protons. Positive and negative charges attract one another aloowing atoms to form bonds. |
| Subatomic particles located in Nucleus is and where? | The core of an atom. Protons and neutrons. |
| Protons | carry a positive charge |
| Neutrons | have no charge (they're neutral) |
| Electrons | carry a negative charge but have no mass |
| Elements | ELEMENT is a substance made of atoms that have the same number of protos(all the know elements are organized into the periodic table of elements) |
| Isotopes | ISOTOPES the number of neutrons diffrent between two atoms of the same element |
| Atomic Mass | ATOMIC MASS isotopes of an element |
| Molecules | MOLECULES are made of two or more atom |
| Compounds | COMPOUNDS are molecules that contain at least two diffrent elements |
| Bonds | BONDS hold elements of molecules and compunds together |
| Ionic Bonds | IONIC BONDS hold ions joined together by thier opposite electical charges. |
| Covalent Bonds | COVALENT BONDS are formed when atoms share electrons in a covalent reation. |
| Acids | ACIDS are molecules that can split apart in water and release hydrogen ions |
| Bases | BASES are molecules that can split apart in water and release hydroxide ions |
| pH scale | pH scale is a system of classifying how acidic or basic a solution is. |
| Buffers | BUFFERS keep solutions at a steady pH level by combining with excess hydrogen. |
| Acidiosis | ACIDOSIS occurs when the pH drops too low (meaning the blood becomes too acidic) |
| Alkalosis | ALKALOSIS happens when the pH rises too high (meaning the blood becomes too basic) |
| Carbon | CARBON atoms are central to all organizms. Carbon has six protons and an outer shell of four electrons. |
| Hydrocarbons | HYDROCARBONS are molecules with lots of carbon-hydrogen bonds |
| Carbohydrates | CARBOHYDRATES consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Energy-packed compounds. Come in 4 forms (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides. |
| Monosaccharides | MONOSACCHARIDES are simple sugars consisting of three to seven carbon atom. Forms ring structures and can join together to form longer sugars. |
| Disaccharides | DISACCHARIDES are tow monosaccharide molecules joined together |
| Oligosaccharides | OLIGOSACCHARIDES are more than tow but a few monosaccharides joid toger. are imprtant markers on the outsides of your cells |
| Polysaccharides | POLYSACCHARIDES are long chains of monosaharide molecules linked together |
| Dehydration Synthesis | DEHYDRATION:When water is removed from cells SENTHESIS: means making something -----something is made when water is removed |
| Hydrolysis | HYDROLYSIS is a reaction that breaks down a larger sugar molecule into its orginal monosaccharites |
| Gloucose | GLOUCOSE a surgar that provides a rapid source of enegy |
| Glycogen | GLYCOGEN is a polysaccharide of glucose. it is a compact structure that can be stored for cells later useage. Stored by both animals and humans. |
| Starch | STARCH plats store glucose as the polysaccharide starch. Plant leaves produce sugar during the process of photo synthesis and then store some of that sugar as starch. the leaves of a plant produce sugar during photosynthesis and then store some sugar |
| Cellulose | CELLULOSE helps maintain the health of intestines. it passes through the digestive tract virtually untouched. a polysaccharide of glucose made by plants. |
| Proteins | PROTEINS provide structure to cells. |
| Amino Acids | AMINO ACIDS (of which there are 20) are the foundation of all proteins |
| Enzymes | ENZYMES are proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reations |
| Structural Proteins | STRUCTURAL PROTEINS reinforce cells and tissues |
| Collagen | COLLAGEN is a structural protein found in connective tissue. is the most abundant protein in animals with a back bone |
| Connective Tissue | CONNECTIVE TISSUE joins muscles to bones to allow movement (includes ligaments, tendons, cartilage, bone tiddue, and even the cornea of the eye. It provides support in the body and it has a great capability to be flexible and resistant to stretching |
| Transport proteins | TRANSMPORT PROTEINS move material around cells and around the body |
| Hemoglobin | HEMOGLOBIN is a transport protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body. |
| Nucleic Acids | NUCLEIC ACIDS are large molecules that carry tons of small details, specifically all the genectic information for an organism. they are found in every living thing (plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi) |
| Nucleotides | NUCLEOTIDES are nucleic acid strands each nucleotide has three components: a nitrogenous base a sugar that contains 5-carbon molecules and a phosphate group |
| D.N.A | DEOXYIBONUCLEIC ACID (aka double helix)The fundamental and distinctive characteristics of someone or something contains 2 strands of cucleotides every cell process and metabolism is based on information stored. |
| R.N.A | RINONUCLEIC ACID is a chain of nucleotides, an important information molecule. Plays an important role in the creation of new proteins. Structure differs fron D.N.A. |
| Lipids | LIPIDS are hydrophobic molecules, meaning thay don't mix well with water. there are 3 major types of lipid molecules phospholipids, steroids, trilycerides |
| Phospholipids | PHOSPHOLIPIDS are made up of two fatty acids and a phosphate group have an important structural function for living things because they're part of the membranes of cells |
| Steroids | STEROIDS are lipid compounds consisting of four connecting carbon rings and a functional group that determines the steroid generally create hormones. |
| Cholesterol | CHOLESTERAL is a steroid molecule used to make testerone and estorgen |
| Triglycerides | TRIGLYCERIDES are fats and ils which are made up of 3 fatty acid molecules and a glycerol molecule are important for energy storage and insulation. wheter its a fat or oil depends on the bonds between the carbon and htdrogen atoms |
| Adipose tissue | ADIPOSE TISSUE is the soft squishy fat you can see on your body the tissue is made up of many molecules of fat the more molecules that are added to the tissue the bigger the adipose tissue gets |
| Fats | FATS contain lots of single bonds between their carbon atoms. these saturated bonds pack tightsly so fats are solid at room temperture |
| Oils | OILS contain lots of double bonds betwen their carbon atoms. These unsaturated bonds don't pack tightly so oils are liquid at room temperature |
| Cells | CELLS are sacs of fluid that are reinforced by proteins and surrounded by membranes. a cell is the smalles part of an organism that retians characteristics of the entire organism. Since cells can perform all fuctions of life its the smallest unit of life |
| Organelles | ORGANELLES arestructures located inside cells that are used during metaboli processes |
| The Structure of a Cell | 8 Mitchondia, Cell wall, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, Chloroplats, Vacuoles, Lysosomes |
| Prokaryotes * | PROKARYOTES don't have a "true" nucleus in their cells. Norf do they have organelles. Bacteria and archea are all prokaryotes. break down food using cellular respiration |
| Eukaryotes * | EUKARYOTES have a nucleus in their cells that houses thir genectic material. They also have organelles. Plats, animals, algae, and fungi are all eukaryotes. |
| Gene | GENE is a short piece of DNA, which tells the body how to build a specific protein |
| Molecules | MOLECULES are proteins |
| Chromosomes | CHROMOSOMES A thread like linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary |
| Meiosis | MEIOSIS is the process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproduction |
| Organisms | ORGANISMS play a important role in the environment and each one is connected to the other.and all living creatures work hard to maintain homeostasis (internal balance) as change occurs in the environment around them. |
| Skeletal system | SKELETAL SYSTEM provides support, helps with movement and forms blood cells. Made up of bones. |
| Muscular system | MUSCULAR SYSTEM enables movement, consists of skeletal and smooth muscles. |
| Respiratory system: | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM brings in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide. Made up of lungs and airways. |
| Circulatory system | CICULATORY SYSTEM transport materials throughout the body. Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels |
| Digestive system | DIGESTIVE SYSTEM takes up nutrients and water and eliminates wastes. made up of the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas |
| Excretory system | EXCRETORY SYSTEM maintains the balance of water and electrolytes in the body and removes wastes. Consists of kidneys and bladder. |
| Integumentary system | INTREGUMENTARY SYSTEM serves as the first line of defense against infection. Made up of skin. |
| Immune system | IMMUNE SYSTEM defends against foreign invaders. Consists of the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. |
| Nervous system | NERVOUS SYSTEM control the body functions via electrical signals. Made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. |
| Endocrine system | ENDOCRINE SYSTEM produces hormones that control the body functions. Consists of glands. |
| Organisms | ORGANISMS maintain order inside cells and bodies, regulate their systems, respond to signals in the environment, transfer energy among themselves and between themselves and their environment, grow and develop, reproduce, have traits that evolved over time |
| Ribsomes | RIBSOMES make proteins in the cytoplasm |
| Plasma membrane | PLASMA MEMBRANE forms a barrier around the cell and a rigid cell wall outside the plasma membrane provides additional support to the cell |
| Viruses | VIRUSES aren't made of cells, but just a few molecules. They can't grow and divide by themselves. they can only reporduce if they take over a host cell and steal its energy and materials. |
| Bacteria | BACTERIA nature's recycler |
| Nucleus | NUCLEUS stores genetic information |
| PLASMA MEMBRANE | PLASMA MEMBRANE encloses the cell and separates it from its enviorment |
| Internal Membranes | INTERNAL MEMBRANES crete specialized compartments inside cells |
| Cytoskeleton | CYTOSKELETON made of proteins that reinforces the cells and controls cellular movements |
| Mitochondria | MITOCHONDRIA (Organelles) that combine oxygen and food to transfer the energy from food to a form that cells can use |
| Chloroplasts | CHLOROPLASTS (organelles) which use energy from sunlight plus water and carbon dioxide to make food (only found in cells of plants and algae) |
| Rigid Cell Wall | RIGID CELL WALL located outside of their plasma membrane. (This is found only in the cells of plants, algae, and fungi; animal cells just have a plasma membrane, which is soft) |
| Chloroplasts | CHLOROPLASTS located in plant cells, large central vacuoles and cell walls |
| Centrioles | CENTRIOLES |
| Extracellular matrix | EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX are a fluid proten-and-carbohydrate matrix that support animal cells |
| Cholesterol | CHOLESTEROL make the membrane more stable and prevent it from solidifying (freezing) when a body's temperature is too low |
| Membrane | MEMBRANE separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment |
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Shayshayjo90
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