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Bio 102 Test 3
Biospheres/Ecosystems/Population Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abiotic Factors | an environment's nonliving components |
| Biotic Factors | an environment's living components |
| Ecology | the study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. |
| The hierarchy of organization | Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule |
| population | a group of the same species living together in a geographic area |
| community | multiple species populations living close enough for interaction |
| ecosystem | both the abiotic and biotic components of an environment |
| biosphere | the whole of earth inhabited by life |
| Two explanations for the presence of a species in an environment | they evolved there, they were dispersed to that location and able to survive/thrive |
| Global climate patterns are determined by | the input of solar energy and the planet's movement in space |
| What determines the seasons | the earth's tilt |
| the tropics are located between | latitudes 23.5° north and 23.5° south |
| doldrums | an area of calm or very light winds near the equator, caused by rising warm air |
| trade winds | the movement of air in the tropics |
| Temperate regions lie between | the tropics and the arctic/antarctic circles |
| westerlies | winds that blow west to east |
| ocean currents are the result of | prevailing winds, the planet's rotation, unequal heating of surface waters, location and shape of continents |
| biomes | major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water. |
| terrestrial biomes are determined by | temperature and precipitation |
| aquatic biomes are determined by | salinity, light, and nutrients |
| pelagic realm | all open water |
| benthic realm | the sea floor from from the continental shelf to the very bottom |
| photic zone | down to 200m where light is sufficient for photosynthesis |
| aphotic zone | consists of the twilight and no-light areas, there is not sufficient light for photosynthesis |
| intertidal zones | where the ocean meets the land |
| estuary | where freshwater merges with the ocean |
| wetlands | transitional area between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, can be freshwater or marine |
| Two classes of freshwater biomes | standing or flowing |
| Tropical Forest biome | occur in equatorial areas, warm temps, long days, variable rainfall |
| savanna biome | dominated by grasses and scattered trees, warm temps, low rainfall, frequent fires, grazing animals |
| desert biome | driest of all biomes, very low and unpredictable rainfall |
| Chaparral biome | also known as mediterranean biome, mild, rainy winters, hot, dry summers, found in coastal areas, flora is made up of grasses and shrubs, frequent fires |
| temperate grassland biome | mostly treeless, cold winters, low precipitation, frequent fires |
| temperate broadleaf forest biome | eastern US and Europe, relatively high precipitation, definite seasons |
| coniferous forest biome | populated by large evergreens, long-cold winters, short-wet summers, taiga, also include temperate rain forests |
| tundra biome | covers the region between the taiga and polar ice, characterized by permafrost, extremely cold, inhabited by large herbivores and dwarf shrubs, grasses, mosses, and lichens |
| polar ice biome | includes the arctic circle and Antarctica, extremely cold year round, very low precipitation, closely interconnected with its neighboring marine biome |
| Evaporation exceeds precipitation over the | ocean |
| Precipitation exceeds evaporation over the | land |
| interspecific interactions | relationships with other species in a community |
| Interspecific competition | when populations of two different species compete for limited resources within a community. |
| mutualism | both species benefit (plants/mycorrhizae) |
| predation | one species hunts and kills the other (rabbit/fox) |
| herbivory | an animal consumes all or part of a plant (deer/plants) |
| parasitism | the host plant or animal are victimized by a parasite or pathogen |
| ecological niche | the sum of all the abiotic and biotic a species uses within their environment. |
| Interspecific competition occurs when | niches overlap |
| coevolution | a series of reciprocal evolutionary adaptations in two species, a change in one species evokes a change in the other. |
| trophic structure | a pattern of feeding relationships |
| food chain | the sequence of food transfer up the tropic levels |
| producers | autotrophs, support all other trophic levels |
| consumers | all other trophic levels |
| primary consumers | those animals that consume plants, herbivores |
| secondary consumers | animals that eat herbivores |
| tertiary consumers | typically eat secondary consumers |
| quaternary consumers | typically eat tertiary consumers |
| Detritivores | get their energy from consuming detritus, or dead material |
| decomposers | turn organic material into inorganic material (prokaryotes/fungi) |
| food web | a network of interconnecting food chains |
| species diversity is defined by | species richness and relative abundance |
| keystone species | a species whose impact on a community is larger than its biomass and abundance, holds the rest of its community together |
| disturbances | events that disrupt a community (floods, fires, droughts) |
| primary succession | happens when an area has been virtually stripped of all soil and other nutrients |
| secondary succession | happens when a disturbance leaves the soil intact. |
| invasive species | organisms that have been introduced into a non-native habitat by humans. |
| energy flow | moves through the ecosystem |
| chemical cycling | the transfer of materials within the ecosystem |
| biomass | the amount of living organic material in an ecosystem |
| primary production | the amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy by an ecosystem's producers |
| the percentage of energy that is available to the next trophic level | 10% |
| biogeochemical cycles | Any of the various chemical circuits that involve both biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem, can be global or local |
| abiotic reservoirs | where a chemical accumulates |
| Examples of biogeochemical cycles | carbon cycle, phosphorous cycle, nitrogen cycle |
| the carbon cycle depends on | respiration and photosynthesis |
| the only source for phosphorous in a terrestrial ecosystem | rocks |
| two abiotic reservoirs | the atmosphere and soil |
| population dynamics | the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors |
| population ecology | the study of changes in a population's size and regulating factors |
| populations increase by | immigration and birth |
| populations decrease by | emigration and death |
| population density | the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume (# of oak trees per square kilometer) |
| dispersion pattern | the individuals are spaced within their area |
| 3 dispersion patterns | clumped, uniform, random |
| clumped pattern | individuals are grouped in patches, often because resources are unequally distributed. |
| uniform pattern | individuals are equally spaced out and interacting |
| random pattern | individuals are unpredictably spaced, very uncommon in nature |
| life tables track | survivorship in a given population |
| Survivorship curves | plot survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age |
| exponential growth model formula | G=rN |
| G=rN | Growth rate equals population size multiplied by per capita rate of increase |
| logistic growth model | is a description of idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors as the population size increases |
| carrying capacity | the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain. |
| intraspecific competition | competition between individuals of the same species competing for limited resources |
| examples of density dependent factors | food, nutrients, nesting sites, safety retreats |
| examples of density independent factors | fire, habitat destruction by humans, seasonal changes |
| life history | the series of events in an individual's life from birth through reproduction to death. |
| R-selected life history species | produce more offspring, grow rapidly in unpredictable environments. |
| K-selected life history species | raise fewer offspring, maintain stable populations |
| sustainable resource management | harvesting crops without damaging the resource |
| demographic transition | a shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates |
| population age structure | the number of individuals in different age groups |
| ecological footprint | an estimate of the amount of land required to provide the raw materials an individual or a nation consumes (food, water, fuel, housing, waste disposal) |
| Type I survivorship curve | few offspring, low mortality rate until old age (humans, elephants, bears) |
| type III survivorship curve | many offspring, high mortality rate in young (fish, frogs) |
| type II survivorship curve | average litters, average and equal lifespan (lions, cats, dogs, wolves) |
Created by:
eowyn11
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