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A&PII
Chapter 17, 18, 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___ is the only fluid in the body. | Blodd |
| Blood is composed of: | Plasma & Formed of elements: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets. |
| Erythro means: | Red |
| Leuko means: | White |
| Hematocrit means: | Blood Fraction |
| Hematocrit: Percent of RBCs blood volume in males | 47% +/- 5% |
| Hematocrit: Percent of RBCs blood volume in females | 42 +/- 5% |
| Physical characteristics of blood. | Sticky, opaque fluid |
| Color of Oxygen rich blood. | Scarlet |
| Color of oxygen poor blood. | Dark red |
| pH of blood | 7.35-7.45 |
| Temperature of blood | 38 °C or 100.4 °F |
| Blood is ___ % of body weight | 8% |
| Average volume of males blood in Liter. | 5-6L |
| Average volume of females blood in Liter. | 4-5L |
| Why males blood volume tend to be larger than female? | Because males are larger in their body size than female. |
| Functions of Blood | 1) Distribution of O2 and nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones. 2) Regulation of body temperature, normal pH, adequate fluid volume. 3) Protection against Blood loss, and infection. |
| Characteristics of blood plasma. | Straw-colored, sticky fluid, 90% water, contains over 100 different dissolved solutes. |
| ____ are the most abundant plasma solutes and are mostly produces by the liver. | Proteins |
| What kind and percent of proteins have the plasma solutes? | 60% albumin, 36% globulins, and 4% fibrinogen |
| Only ___ are complete cells. | WBCs |
| ___ have no nuclei or organelles. | RBCs |
| ___ are cell fragments. | Platelets |
| Most ___ survive in the bloodstream for only a few days. | Formed elements |
| Most blood cells originate in ___ and do not divide. | bone marrow |
| What are the Erythrocytes? | red blood cells |
| Characteristics of Erythrocytes. | biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles. |
| Erythrocytes filled with ____ for gas transport. | Hemoglobin (Hb) |
| Erythrocytes contain the ____ protein, ___ and other proteins. | plasma membrane, spectrin |
| ____ are the major factor contributing to blood viscosity. | Erythrocytes |
| Structural characteristics of erythrocytes that contribute to gas transport is an example of _____. | Complementarity of structure and function |
| _____are dedicated to respiratory gar transport. | RBCs |
| ____ binds reversible with oxygen. | Hemoglobin |
| ____ means the blood cell formation. | Hematopoiesis |
| What is the life span of erythrocytes | 100-120 days |
| ___ engulf dying RBCs in the spleen. | macrophages |
| When the RBCs is dying, ___ and ___ are separated. | Heme and globin |
| ___ is salvaged for reuse. | iron |
| ____ is degraded to yellow the pigment bilirubin. | Heme |
| ___ secretes bilirubin (in bile) into the intestines. | Liver |
| Degraded yellow pigment leaves the body in feces as ____. | stercobilin |
| ____ is metabolized into amino acids. | Globin |
| ____ means blood has abnormally low Oxygen carrying capacity. | Anemia |
| Anemia is a ___ rather than a disease. | Sign |
| What happened to the blood oxygen levels when you have anemia. | blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism. |
| What are the symptoms of anemia? | fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath and chills. |
| What are the characteristics of Leukocytes? | Make up less than 1% of total blood volume. Can leave capillaries via diapedesis. Move through tissue spaces by ameboid motion and postive chemotaxis. |
| _____: WBCs count over 11,000/mm3. | Leukocytosis |
| Two types of leukocytes. | Granulocytes and Agranulocytes |
| What are the granulocytes and their percentage population in WBCs. | Neutrophils (50-70%), Eosinophils (2-4%), Basophils (0.5-1%) |
| What are the Agranulocytes and their percentage population in WBCs. | Lymphocytes (25-45%), Monocytes (3-8%) |
| Characteristics of granulocytes. | Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright's stain. Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs. Lobed nuclei, and phagocytic |
| Characteristics of Neutrophils. | Most numerous WBCs. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Fine granules take up both acidic and basic dyes. Give the cytoplasm a lilac color. Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins. very phagocytic a.k.a "bacteria slayers" |
| Characteristics of Eosinophils. | Red-staining, bilobed nuclei. Red to crimson (acidophilic) coarse. Lysosome-like granules. Digest parasitic worms that are too large to phagocytized. Modulators of the immune response. |
| Characteristics of Basophils. | Rarest WBCs. Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules contain histamine. Are functionally similar to mast cells. |
| ____ is a multilobed nucleus. | Neutrophil |
| ____ a bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules. | Eosinophil |
| ____ a bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules. | Basophil |
| Characteristics of Agranulocytes. | Lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Have spherical or kidney shaped nuclei |
| Characteristics of lymphocytes. | Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm. Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in the blood. Crucial to immunity. |
| Two types of Lymphocytes. | T cells and B cells |
| ___ act agains virus-infected cells and tumor cells. | T cells |
| ___ give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies. | B cells |
| Characteristics of Monocytes. | The largest leukocytes. Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm. Dark purple-staining, U or kidney-shaped nuclei. |
| ____ leave circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages. | Monocytes |
| ____ activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response. | Monocytes |
| ____ large spherical nucleus. | Small lymphocytes |
| ___ kidney-shaped nucleus | monocytes |
| ____ means productiion of WBCs | Leukopoiesis |
| WBCs stimulated by ____ from ____ and mature WBCs. | chemical messenger; bone marrow. |
| All leukocytes originate from ____ | hemocytoblasts |
| Leukocytes disorders. | Leukopenia, leukemias, acute leukemia, and chronic leukemia. |
| ___ abnormall low WBC count-drug induced. | leukopenia |
| ___ cancerous conditions involving WBCs. Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved. | Leukemias |
| ___ leukemia involves myeloblasts | Myelocytic |
| ___ leukemia involved lymphocytes | Lymphocytic |
| ____ involves blast-type cells and primarily affects children. | Acute leukemia |
| ___ is more prevalent in older people. | Chronic leukemia. |
| Disorders of hemostasis. | Thromboembolytic disorders, and bleeding disorders. |
| ____ disorders means undesirable clot formation. | thromoboembolytic disorders |
| ___ disorders means abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation. | Bleeding disorders |
| ___ clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel | thrombus |
| ___ a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream. | Embolus |
| Thromboembolytic conditions prevented by: | Aspirin, Heparin, and Warfarin |
| ____ deficient number of circulating platelets.Due to destruction of bone marrow. Platelet count less than 50, 000/mm3 is diagnostic. | thrombocytopenia |
| ___ appear due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage. | Petechiae |
| Treatment for bleeding disorders (thrombocytopenia) | transfusion of concentrated platelets |
| ____ bleeding disorder prolonged bleeding especially into joint cavities. | Hemophilia |
| Treatment of hemophilia. | plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors. |
| ___ tranfusion are used when blood loss is substantial. | whole-blood |
| ____ are used to restore oxygen-carrying capacity. | packed red cells |
| Transfusion of incompatible blood can be ___. | fatal |
| Blood may contain ____ or ____ antibodies (agglutinins) that act against transfused RBCs with ABO antigens not normally present. | Anti-A or Anti-B |
| Anti-A or Anti-B form in the blood at about ___ of age. | 2 months |
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn. | erythroblastosis fetalis |
| In erythroblastosis fetalis, Rh- mother becomes sensitized when exposure to Rh+ blood causes her body to sythesize ____ antibodies. | Anti-Rh |
| Anti-Rh antibodies cross the ____ and destroy the RBCs of an ____ baby. | Placenta; Rh+ |
| The baby with eythroblastosis fetalis can be treated with ____ and ____ after birth. | pre-birth transfusions and exchange transfusions. |
| ____ serum contain anti-Rh can prevent the Rh- mother from becoming sensitized. | RhoGAM |
| Death from shock may result from ____. | low blood volume |
| ____ is the collapse of the cardiovascular system, including vasodilation and fluid shift accompanied by inefficient cardiac output. | Shock |
| Diagnostic blood tests. | Hematocrit, blood glucose tests, microscopic examination, Differential WBC count, prothrombin time and platelet counts, SMAC-a blood chemistry profile, and complete blood count (CBC). |
| Blood diseases of aging. | chronic leukemias, anemias, clotting disorders. |
| Prof. Heckmann Dog (black & white color) | Beauregard "Bo" Heckmann |
| Wet mount procedure: | place specimen on slide. Add 1 drop of water or methylene blue (for contrast). Apply coverslip at ~45 angle. Remove excess fluid. Observe specimen. |
| Blood smear procedure: | place a drop of blood on slide 1, ~1/2 inch. from end. Hold slide 2 & 45 degree angle to slide 1 and slowly advance to end. Left slide 2 & dispose in red box. |
| Heart is approximately the size of the ____. Located in the ____ between second rib and fifth ___ space. On the superior surface of ____. 2/3 to the left of the ___ line. ___ to the vertebral column, ___ to the sternum. Enclosed in ____a double-walled sac | Fist; mediastinum; intercostal; diaphragm; midsternal; anterior; posterior; pericardium. |
| Functions of superficial fibrous pericardium. | protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling |
| Layers of the heart wall | Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium |
| Four chambers of the heart. | right and left atria, and right and left ventricles. |
| ___ separated internally by a septum. | two atria |
| ____ separated by a septum | two ventricles |
| ____ is the receiving chambers | Atria |
| Walls of atria are ridged by ___. | pactinate muscles |
| Vessels entering right atrium. | Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus. |
| Vessels entering left atrium. | Right and left pulmonary veins. |
| ___ is the discharging chambers. | ventricles |
| In ventricles, walls are ridged by ____. | trabeculae carneae |
| ___ muscles project into the ventricular cavities. | papillary |
| Vessel leaving the right ventricle. | pulmonary trunk |
| vessel living the left ventricle. | Aorta |
| ___ a closed transport system. | vascular system (blood vessels) |
| The vascular system composed of: | Capillaries, Venules, Arterioles, Veins, Arteries |
| Function of vascular system. | responsible for supplying blood tissues with blood containing oxygen and nutrients. |
| The heart is two side by side pumps: Right side is the pump for the ____: vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs. Left side is the pump for the _____: vessels that carry the blood to and from all body tissues. | pulmonary circuit; systemic circuit |
| ____ thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium. Cells are weakened. | Angina pectoris. |
| ____ prolonged coronary blockage. Areas of cell death are repaired with non contractile scar tissue. | Myocardial infarction - MCI (heart attack) |
| ____ ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart. | Heart valves |
| ____prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract. | Atrioventricular valves |
| atrioventricular valves: ____ (right), _____ (left). | Tricuspid valve; Mitral valve |
| ____ anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles a.k.a heart strings. | Chordae tendineae |
| Microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle. ____: junctions between cells anchor cardiac cells. | intercalated discs |
| Two types of cardiac muscle junctions. | desmosomes and gap junctions |
| In cardiac muscle, ____ prevent cells from separating during contraction. | desmosomes |
| In cardiac muscle, ____ allow ions to pass, electrically couple adjacent cells. | gap junctions |
| ____ of the heart is rhythmic and spontaneous. | depolarization |
| About 1% of cardiac cells have ____ (are self-excitable) | automaticity |
| ____ensure the heart contracts as a unit. | gap junctions |
| ____ a network of noncontractile (autorhythmic) cells that initiate and distribute impulses to coordinate the depolarization and contraction of the heart. | Intrinsic cardiac conduction system |
| In autorhythmic cells, have unstable resting potentials (pacemaker potential or prepotentials) due to open slow ___ channels. | Sodium (Na+) |
| In autorhythmic cells, At ___ Calicium (Ca2+) channels open. | threshold |
| Explosive ____influx produces the rising phase of the action potential in autorythmic cells. | Calcium (Ca2+) influx |
| ____ results from inactivation of Calcium channels and opening of voltage-gated K+ channels. | Repolarization |
| This slow depolarization is due to both opening of Na+ channels and closing K+ channels. The membrane potential is not a flat line. | Pacemaker potential |
| The action potential begins when the pacemaker potential reaches threshold. It is due to Calcium influx through Calcium channels. | Depolarization |
| Repolarization is due to ____channels inactivating and ___ channels opening which allows efflux and brings the membrane potential back to its most negative voltage. | Calcium channels; Potassium channels. |
| Sequence of excitation: ____ node (pacemaker) generates impulses about 75 times/minutes (sinus rhythm). Depolarizes faster than any other part of the myocardium. | Sinoatrial (SA) node. |
| Sequence of excitation: ____ node, smaller diameter fibers; fewer gap junctions. Delays impulses aproximately 0.1 second. Depolarizes 50 times per minute in absence of SA node input. | Atrioventricular (AV) node |
| Sequence of excitation:____ (bundle of his) Only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles. | Atrioventricular (AV) bundle |
| Sequence of excitation:____ two pathways in the interventricular septum that carry the impulses toward the apex of the heart. | Right and left bundle branches |
| Sequence of excitation: ____ complete the pathway into the apex and ventricular walls. | Purkinje fibers |
| AV bundle and Purkinje fibers depolarize only ____ per minute in absence of AV node input. | 30 times |
| Defects in the intrinsic conduction system may result in ___,___, ____. | Arrhythmias, Uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions, and Fibrillation |
| ____ irregular hear rhythms | Arrhythmias |
| ____ rapid, irregular contractions; useless for pumping blood | fibrillation |
| ___ is modified by the ANS | Heartbeat |
| Cardiac centers are located in the ____ | medulla oblongata |
| ____ a composite of all the action potentials generated by nodal and contractile cells at a given time. | Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) |
| Three waves of ECG. ___ wave: depolarization of SA node. ___ complex: ventricular depolarization. ___ wave ventricular repolarization. | P wave; QRS complex; T wave. |
| Heart sounds: two sounds ____ associated with closing of heart valves | lub dup |
| Heart sounds: first sound occurs as AV valves close and signifies ____. | beginning of systole |
| Heart sounds: Second sound occurs when SL valves close at the ____. | Beginning of ventricular diastole |
| ____ abnormal (abnl) heart sounds most often indicative of valve problems. | Heart murmurs |
| ____: all events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat. | cardiac cycle |
| In cardiac cycle, systole means heart ____. | contraction |
| In cardiac cycle, diastole means heart ___. | relaxation |
| ____ volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. | Cardiac output (CO) |
| CO = _____ x _____ | Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV) |
| HR = _____. | number of beats per minute |
| SV = ____. | volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat. |
| EDV means | End diastolic volume |
| ESV means | end systolic volume |
| SV means | stroke volume |
| Three main factors affect SV | pre-load, contractility, and after-load |
| Factors that influence heart rate | Age, Gender, Exercise, Body temperature |
| ____: abnormally fast heart rate (>100bpm). If persistent may lead to fibrillation. | Tachycardia |
| ____: heart rate slower than 60 bpm. may result in grossly inadequate blood circulation. May be desirable result of endurance training. | Bradycardia |
| CHF means | congestive heart failure |
| ____ is a progressive condition where the CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs. | congestive heart failure (CHF) |
| CHF caused by: | coronary atherosclerosis, persistent high blood pressure, multiple myocardial infarcts, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) |
| Fetal heart structures that bypass pulmonary circulation. | Foramen ovale (fo) and Ductus arteriosus |
| In fetal heart, ___ connects the two atria. | foramen ovale |
| In fetal heart, ___ connects the pulmonary trunk and the aorta. | ductus arteriosus |
| ____ defects can lead to mixing of systemic and pulmonary blood, or involve narrowed valves or vessels that increase the workload on the heart. | congenital heart |
| Age-related changes affecting the heart. | sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps. decline in cardiac reserve. fibrosis of cardiac muscle. atherosclerosis |
| Cardiovascular (CV) diseases. | Tachycardia, Bradycardia, pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, vascular diagnosis (Dx's) |
| Cardiovascular disorders. | Angina pectoris, Myocardial infarction (MCI or MI), Congestive heart failure (CHF), Cardiac arrest, shock |
| Donkey name | Fiona |
| ____ delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart. | Blood vessels |
| ____ carry blood away from the heart; oxygenated except for ____circulation and ____ vessels of a fetus. | Arteries; pulmonary; umbilical |
| ____ contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs. | capillaries |
| ____ carry blood toward the heart. | Veins |
| Structure of blood vessel walls: Arteries and Veins contains: | Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa |
| Structure of blood vessel walls:___ central blood containing space | Lumen |
| Structure of blood vessel walls: ____ endothilium with sparse basal lamina. | capillaries |
| Characteristics and functions of Elastic (conducting) arteries. | large thich-walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics. Aorta and its major branches. Large lumen offers low-resistance. Act as pressure reservoirs-expand and recoil as blood is ejected from the heart. |
| Characteristics of muscular distributing arteries and arterioles. | Distal to elastic arteries; deliver blood to body organs. Have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle. Active in vasocontraction |
| Characteristics of arterioles. | Smallest arteries. Lead to capillary beds. |
| Arterioles control flow into capillary beds via _____ and ____. | vasodilation; vasoconstriction. |
| Characteristics of capillaries | Microscopic blood vessels. Walls of thin tunica intima, one cell thick. Pericytes help stabilize their walls and control permeability. Size allows only a single RBC to pass at a time. |
| Location of capillaries. | In all tissues except for cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens of eye. |
| Functions of capillaries. | exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. |
| Three structural types of capillaries. | continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) |
| Interwoven networks of capillaries from the microcirculation between arterioles and venules. | Capillary beds |
| Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels. | Vascular shunt (metarteriole-thoroughfare channel), True capillaries |
| ___ Formed when capillary beds unite. Very porous; allow fluids and WBCs into tissues. | Venules |
| ___ venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells. | Larger venules |
| ___ formed when venules converge. Have thinner walls, larger lumens compared with corresponding arteries. Blood pressure is lower than in arteries. | Veins |
| Thin tunica media and thin tunica externa of veins consisting of ____ fibers and ____ networks. | Collagen; Elastic |
| Veins is called _____ vessels (blood reservoirs) and contain up to ____% of blood supply. | capacitance; 65% |
| Adaptations that ensure return of blood to the heart. | Large-diameter lumens offer little resistance. Valves prevent backflow of blood. |
| Flattened veins with extremely thin walls (e.g. coronary sinus of the heart and dural sinuses of the brain.) | Venous sinuses |
| Interconnections of blood vessels | vascular anastomoses |
| ____anastomoses provide alternate pathways (collateral channels) to a given body region - DETOURS | Arterial |
| ____anastomoses are common. | Venous |
| Volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period. | Blood flow |
| Blood flow measured as ___. | mL/min |
| Blood flow is equivalent to _____ for entire vascular system. | cardiac output (CO) |
| Blood flow is ____ when at rest. | relatively constant |
| Blood flow circulation varies widely through individual ____ based on needs. | organs |
| Force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood. | Blood pressure (BP) |
| Unit of blood pressure | mmHg |
| BP measured as ____ BP in large arteries near the heart. | systemic arterial |
| The pressure gradient provides the driving force that keeps blood moving from ____ to ___ pressure areas. | Higher to lower |
| Opposition to flow. measure of the amount of friction of blood encounters. Generally encountered in the peripheral systemic circulation. | Resistance (peripheral resistance) |
| Three important source of resistance | Blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter |
| Resistance: factors that remains relatively constant: | Blood viscosity, Blood vessel length |
| ___ alter peripheral resistance. | frequent changes |
| Resistance varies inversely with the ____ power of vessel radius. | fourth |
| ____ arterioles are the major deterrminants of peripheral resistance. | small-diameter |
| ___ chanes in diameter of fatty plaques from atherosclerosis dramatically increase resistance. | abrupt changes |
| Areterial blood pressure near the heart is ____. | pulsatile |
| ___ pressure exerted during ventricular contraction | systolic pressure |
| lowest level of arterial pressure. | diastolic pressure |
| ____ = difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. | pulse pressure |
| MAP means | Mean arterial pressure |
| pressure that propels the blood to the tissues | MAP (means arterial pressure) |
| MAP = | diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure |
| capillary blood pressure ranges from ___. | 15-35 mmHg |
| ___ capillary pressure is desirable. | low |
| ___ pressure changes little during the cardiac cycle. | venous blood pressure |
| venous blood pressure gradient is about ___. | 15 mmHg |
| Low venous blood pressure due to cumulative effects of ____. | peripheral resistance |
| Maintaining blood pressure requires cooperation of the: | heart, blood vessels, and kidneys and supervision by the brain. |
| The main factor influencing blood pressure: | cardiac output (CO), peripheral resistance (PR), blood volume. |
| pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body temperature | vital signs |
| pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of arteries | pulse |
| (taken at the wrist) routinely used | radial pulse |
| BP peaks in the morning due to ___. | levels of hormones |
| blood pressure cycles over a ___ period. | 24-hr |
| ___, ____, ____, ____, ___, ____, may vary BP | Age, sex, weight, race, mood, posture |
| ____ low blood pressure: systolic pressure below 100mmHg. Often associated with long life and lack of cardiovascular illness. | hypotension |
| Three types of hypotension | orthostatic hypotension, chronic hypotension, acute hypotension |
| ____ high blood pressure. sustained elevation arterial pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. | Hypertension |
| Three types of hypertension | Prolonged hypertension, primary hypertension, secondary hypertension |
| ____ hypotension: temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position | orthostatic |
| ___ hypotension: hint of poor nutrition and warming sign for Addison's disease or hypothyroidism | chronic |
| ___ hypotensiion: important sight of circulatory shock | acute |
| ____ is a major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure and stroke. | prolonged hypertension |
| 90% of hypertensive conditions. Due to several risk factors including heredity. diet, obesity, age, stress, diabetes, mellitus, and smoking. | primary or essential hypertension |
| ___ is less common. Due to identifiable disorders, including kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing's syndrome | secondary hypertension |
| The automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to the tissue's requirements at any instant. | autoregulation |
| Two types of autoregulation | metabolic, myogenic |
| Temperature regulation: Heat radiates from the ___. | skin |
| As temperature ____, hypothalamic signals reduce vasomotor stimulation of the skin vessels. | temperature rises |
| ____ also causes vasodilation via bradykinin in perspiration | sweat |
| ___stimulates the release of NO | Bradykinin |
| As temperature ____, blood is shunted to deeper, more vital organs | decreases |
| Any condition in which blood vessel are inadequately filled. Blood cannot circulate normally. | circulatory shock |
| circulatory shock results in inadequate blood flow to meet ___ needs | tissue |
| ___ shock results from large-scale blood loss | Hypovolemic shock |
| ____ sock results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance. | vascular shock |
| ___ shock results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate ciculation | cardiogenic shock |
| Two main circulations | pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation |
| ___ circulation: short loop that run from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart | pulmonary circulation |
| ____ circulation: long loop to all parts of the body and back to the heart. | systemic |
| The heart pumps blood by the ____ of development | 4th week |
| Fetal shunts (foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus) bypass _____. | nonfunctional lungs |
| A weakening and resulting local dilation of the artery wall. | aneurysms |
| An inflammation of a vein occurs most often in the lower legs, but any vein, including cranial veins can be affected. | Phlebitis |
| What is a mythelene blue use for? | contrast |
| Equipment used for blood smear: | Microscope slide, glass stirring rod, Wright's stain, Wash bottle, Lancets, Cotton balls, Alcohol swabs |
| Equipment used for dissection: | Blunt probe, Needle probe, Scissors, Forceps, dissection pins, scalpels. |
| Use to clean the microscope | Kim wipes, hand sanitizer |
| Equipment used for BP | Sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, EKG |
Created by:
lhen
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