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O2) Communication

Nervous and hormonal communication

QuestionAnswer
Define nerves. Consist of bundles of many nerve cells connecting different parts of the body.
Define hormones. Chemicals produced by endocrine glands, secreted into the blood and acting on specific tissues in the body.
Define neuron. The name for a nerve cell.
Define dendrites. The parts of a neuron which receive information from other neurons.
Define axon. The part of a neuron which takes a message to other neurons.
Define central nervous system. The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Define endocrine gland. A gland which produces hormones an secretes them into the blood system.
Define pituitary. A master gland in the brain which produces hormones, some of which control other glands.
Define stimulus. Any signal from the environment which can be detected by the body.
Define receptor. Specialised cells in the body which can detect stimuli, eg. ear, eye.
Define effector. A gland or muscle which is able to cause a response to a stimulus.
Define response. Anything an organism does as a result of a stimulus.
Define target organ. An organ in the body which enables a response to occur.
Define hypothalamus. A small part of the brain which is able to receive messages and controls the pituitary gland.
Define negative feedback. A situation where the response has the effect of reducing the stimulus, eg, shivering helps to warm the body.
Define adrenalin. A hormone which increases heart rate and enables the body to respond more strongly to stimulus.
Define thyroxine. A hormone produced by the thyroid gland which controls metabolic activity.
Define vaso-constriction. The restriction of blood flow near the skin.
Define vaso-dilation. An increase of blood flow near the skin.
Explain possible reasons why humans have evolved two distinct means of communication between cells. List two advantages and disadvantages of these. Nervous communication enables a rapid response to a stimulus whereas hormonal communication enables a slower responses. In addition, the nervous response is usually very specific whereas a hormone response may affect many parts of the body
Explain why neurons have many mitochondria in them. The transmission of a nervous impulse is an active process which requires energy. This energy is provided by mitochondria.
The brain is about 2% of body weight but uses around 20% of body energy. Suggest reasons. The brain consists of millions of neurons. If active, a large amount of energy is required.
Compare the modes of transmission of nervous and hormonal messages. Nervous messages travel as electrical impulses along neuron membranes and are carried by chemicals across the synapse to another. Whereas hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and are transported in it. Act by binding to cell membrane receptors.
Describe the pathway of a specific hormone from where it is manufactured to where it reaches its target organ. Follicle stimulating hormones are produced by the pituitary gland and released to the bloodstream. It acts in the ovary. The response occurs when the follicle develops into an egg.
Describe the stimulus response model. Mention the stimulus, receptor, transmission, effector and response. Consider you hear the sound of an approaching car. The stimulus is the soundwaves in your ear, the receptor is your eat, the message is transmitted to your brain and another message is sent through a motor neuron making you turn or jump back.
Describe the importance of each of the following in the control of body temperature: cellular respiration, vaso-dilation, sweating and adrenalin. An increase in cellular respiration will mean increased heat production which will help retain heat. Vaso-dilation means more heat from blood is able to escape, thus helping escape heat. Adrenalin increases your metabolic rate, generating more heat.
Created by: MahaliaMcD
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