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MT Gram - Bact
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A good way to prevent infections from Gram negative bacteria is to WASH YOUR what? | HANDS! |
| Which group of bacteria contains the largest group of pathogens? | Gram negative |
| Are endotoxins usually specific for one species? | no |
| What are 5 classic physical distress signs caused by the Lipid A portion of endotoxins? | Vasodilation, Inflammation, Shock, Disseminated intravascular coagulation (blood clots within blood vessels) |
| Is Lipid A the same in all species? | no |
| The outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria is a ________. | phospholipid bilayer |
| Where are porin proteins? | membrane |
| Where do exotoxins originate? | proteins |
| Where do endotoxins originate? | Lipopolysaccharide |
| What is the only genus of Gram negative cocci that regularly causes disease? | Neisseria |
| Neisseria typically grows as 2 cocci together, an arrangement known as _______. | diplococci |
| Two species of Neisseria that cause disease are what? | The gonococcus, N. gonorrhoeae and The meningococcus, N. meningitides |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae adheres to ___________ cells. | epithelial cells |
| Does Neisseria gonorrhoeae usually produce symptoms in both men and women and if so what are the symptoms? | No symptoms in women. Symptoms in men include inflammation that causes painful urination and pus-filled discharge |
| Untreated gonorrhea in women can lead to a condition known as ____________. | pelvic inflammatory disease |
| Can gonorrhea be curred easily? | Complicated due to resistant gonococcal strains |
| What is the only natural carrier of Neisseria meningitidis? | humans |
| Can Neisseria meningitidis be cured easily? Why? | No due to no signs of symptoms before the patient is already near death |
| Why is eradication of Niesseria meningitidis unlikely? | due to the presence of asymptomatic carriers |
| What group of pathogens is the most common among humans? | Enteric bacteria |
| What is the morphology of Enterobacteriaceae? | Coccobacilli or bacilli |
| Where is the O antigen found? | outer membrane |
| Where is the H antigen found? | flagellar antigens |
| Where are the K and Vi antigens found? | capsular antigens |
| Where are “virulence genes” located? | plasmids |
| What are siderophores? Where are they located? | Iron binding proteins; membrane |
| _______ and ________ media is used to diagnose Enterobacteria. | Selective and differential |
| Is antibiotic therapy usually used with Enteric infections? | no |
| What are the 4 best ways to avoid infection with an Enteric pathogen? | Good personal hygiene, Proper food handling, Avoid cross contamination, Proper sewage control |
| What is the main thing used to determine if an Enterobacteriaceae is a coliform? | ferments lactose within 48 hours of the time they were placed in lactose broth at 35C |
| What determines a non-coliform? | do not ferment lactose |
| If an Enterobacteriaceae usually causes disease in a healthy individual, it is a what??? | true pathogen |
| __________ cause disease when individuals are compromised or if it is transmitted to a foreign area of the body. | opportunistic pathogens |
| What is used to determine sewage contamination in water? | Presence of coliforms in water |
| What are the 6 coliform bacteria? | Escherichia, Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Citrobacter |
| What is something good that E. coli does? | Synthesizes Vitamin K / Occupy space / Produces colisins |
| There are 7 virulent strains of E. coli; ____ causes meningitis, _____causes UTI ; and _______cause gastroenteritis. | 1,1,5 |
| The virulent genes of E.coli are located on the _________. | located on virulence plasmids |
| Most cases of E.coli O157:H7 are caused by undercooked _________ | undercooked ground beef, unpasteurized juice, or unwashed vegetables |
| Is Klebsiella opportunistic or a true pathogen? | opportunistic |
| Klebsiella’s capsule help protect it from __________. | phagocytosis |
| Klebsiella sometimes causes ______________. | pneumonia |
| The sputum of Klebsiella pneumonia looks like ____________. | LIKE RED CURRANT JELLY |
| Is Serratia opportunistic or a true pathogen? | opportunistic |
| How is Serratias pigmentation unique? | Produce a red pigment when grown at room temperature |
| What type of illness can Serratia cause? | Can cause life-threatening opportunistic infections in the urinary and respiratory tracts of immunocompromised patients |
| A Non coliform opportunist that commonly causes UTIs is _______. | Non coliform – Enterobacteriaceae |
| The 3 Enterobacteriaceae that are considered to be true pathogens are ______ _______ and ________. | Salmonella, Shigella , Yersinia |
| The condition caused by Salmonella enterica is ________. | salmonellosis |
| The condition caused by Salmonella typhi is ___________. | typhoid fever |
| Reservoirs for salmonella are ______________. | Poultry and eggs |
| Can the human carrier state exist for Salmonella typhi? | yes |
| Name 3 organs commonly effected during typhoid fever. | liver, spleen, bone marrow, and gall bladder |
| Is there a vaccine for typhoid fever? If so what are its limitations? | Yes, but only provide temporary protection to individuals traveling to areas where typhoid fever is endemic |
| What are symptoms of Salmonellosis? | Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea |
| A severe form of dysentery is caused by ____________. | Shigella |
| Which Enterobacteriaceae killed 1/3 of Europe during the “Black Death” epidemic of the middle ages? | Yersinia pestis |
| How is Yersinia pestis transmitted? | flea bite |
| What was the reservoir for the Black Death? | rodents |
| Which organ is affected by Bubonic plague? | lymph nodes |
| Which organ is affected by Pneumonic plague? | lungs |
| Why is Yersinia not as deadly today as it was in the middle ages? | technology today and medicine |
| Pasteurella and Haemophilus require _______ and ________ as growth factors. | heme or cytochromes |
| Pasteurella infections typically result from animal ________ or inhalation of _________from animals. | infected via animal bites and scratches or via inhalation of aerosols from animals |
| The __________ is routinely given to children to prevent infection of Haemophilus influenzae. | Hib vaccine |
| The _______ capsule of H. influenzae prevents phagocytosis. | polysaccharide |
| Haemohilus influenzae can change shapes which means it is ______________. | pleomorphic |
| Bartonella is the causative agent for _________________. | Cat scratch fever |
| Bartonella can be transmitted by a _____________ or a __________ bite. | cat of flea |
| The primary symptoms for cat scratch fever are ________________ and ____________. | Prolonged fever, malaise, and swelling of lymph nodes for several months |
| Brucella causes a disease known as ________________. | Brucellosis |
| The main cause of Brucellosis is from consuming _______________. | Contracted from unpasturized milk |
| A hallmark characteric of Brucellosis is ________________. Along with many other symptoms such as _________________. | fluctuating fever; sweating, anemia, weakness, headache, depression, joint and muscle pain |
| ________ to Brucellosis may occur many years after the initial infection as arthritis,anemia, endocarditis, etc. | Chronic disease |
| The causative agent for pertussis (whopping cough) is _______. | Bordetella (Betaproteobacteria) |
| The infection of pertussis occurs when the bacteria is _________ and penetrates and grows in the _________cells. | inhaled; epithelial |
| How can pertussis be prevented? | Immunization with the DPT vaccine |
| What are the 4 stages of pertussis? | Incubation, Catarrhal, Paraoxysmal, Convalescent |
| A gamaproteobacteria notorious for its ability to form biofilms is ______________. | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Is Pseudomonas normally part of the normal flora? | no |
| Even though Pseudomonas possesses many virulence factors it is a problem only to ____________ individuals. | immunocompromised |
| Pseudomonas usually produces a _____________ color in infected tissue. | blue-green |
| Francisella tularensis is an intracellular parasite of ___________ and _____________. | animals and amoebae |
| Tuleremia is usually transmitted to humans by ________ or _____________. | through the bite of an infected tick or by contact with an infected animal |
| _________ causes pneumonia form aerosols of water sources such as those from a cooling tower unity. | Legionella pneumophila |
| Coxiella burnetii is an extremely small gamaproteobacteria that lives within the phagosome as an_____________________. | Obligate intracellular parasite |
| Coxiella survives harsh environmental conditions by forming an _________. | Formation of an infective body |
| Coxiella infection occurs when the __________ is inhaled from the environment. | inhalation of the infective bodies |
| _________ is the disease caused by Coxiella. | Q fever |
| Q fever may be ________or ________ and cause pneumonia and endocartitis. | acute or chronic |
| 2 genera of opportunistic anaerobic bacilli are ___________ and ___________. | Bacteroides and Prevotella |
Created by:
gmoore730
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