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MT Chp.14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Father of Toxicology | Paracelsus |
| What organisms are included in microbiology? | Prions, Viruses, Bacteria,(Archaea, Protozoa, Fungi (yeasts & molds), Algae, Helminthes (Worms) |
| Mutualism | Members of 2 different species benefits & neither suffers |
| Commensalism | 1 party benefits and one is not seriously disadvantaged |
| Parasitism | 1 party benefits and one party is harmed |
| These remain a part of the normal microbiota of a person throughout life | Resident microbiota |
| These remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or months, before disappearing | Transient microbiota |
| When is most resident microbiota established? | During the first months of life |
| What are four portals of entry? | Skin, Mucous membranes, Placenta, Parenteral route |
| What are four transmission routes? | Respiratory, Digestive, Sexual, Arthropod borne |
| What is a parental route? | Not a portal of entry, but instead a means by which the portals of entry can be avoided |
| What can cause an opportunistic organism to gain virulence? | Immune suppression, Changes in the normal microbiota, Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in the body |
| The ability of a microorganism to cause disease | Pathogenicity |
| The degree of pathogenicity | Virulence |
| What is the leading cause of death worldwide? | Infectious disease |
| Are most mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis unique to a particular microbe? | No |
| What are the organism factors that determine if a person becomes ill after an infection with a pathogens? | dose and virulence |
| What are the host factors that determine if a person becomes ill after an infection with a pathogen? | Innate and adaptive immunity |
| Name 4 structures that can be an adhesion factor? | Fimbriae, capsules, spikes, hooks, or flagella |
| What is a ligand? | Surface lipoproteins or glycoproteins that bind host cell receptors |
| What purpose do extracellular enzymes serve for a pathogen? | Help pathogen maintain infection, invade further, and avoid body defenses |
| What is a biofilm? | Groups of bacteria that live together |
| What is quorum sensing? | Individual bacteria in a biofilm turn genes on and off according to the needs of the biofilm |
| How does a capsule contribute to the pathogenicity of a bacteria? | It is not noticed as being foreign |
| What is toxemia? | refers to toxins in the bloodstream that are carried beyond the site of infection |
| What type of bacteria produces endotoxins? | Gram negative |
| What type of bacteria produces exotoxins? | Gram positive and Gram negative |
| Cause destruction or Red Blood Cells | hemotoxins |
| cause dangerous photosensitivity | Phototoxins |
| destroy cells and tissues | necrotoxins |
| affect the nervous systems | neurotoxins |
| toxin that attacks liver cells (parynchama) | hepatotoxins |
| Cause lyse of cell membrane of eukaryotes | Alphatoxins |
| Fungal toxin that causes | Ribotoxins |
| destruction of ribosome Bacterial toxin that causes destruction of ribosome | Shigatoxins |
| Poisonous product produced by a living organism or cell | toxin |
| Poison that is produced by something that is NOT living | toxicant |
| Weakened or suppressed toxin | toxoid |
| Genetically, how are many virulence factors and toxin genes carried within and passed between bacteria? | via plasmids |
| Any change from a state of health | morbidity |
| The study of the cause of a disease | etiology |
| What are the first two steps to Koch’s postulates? | 1.The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease 2.That agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture |
| What are the last two steps to Koch’s postulates? | 3.The cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host 4.The same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host |
| Tell at least one reason why Koch’s postulates will not work. | Some pathogens can’t be cultured in the laboratory |
| How are bacteria identified when they will not culture? | fingerprinting |
| What is a reservoir for disease? | Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection |
| What is the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within a population? | Epidemiology |
| What is a nosocomial infection? | Those acquired by patients of healthcare workers while they are in healthcare facilities |
Created by:
gmoore730
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