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BIO 110 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two main characteristics of the plasma membrane | Boundary between the outside and inside; selective barrier |
| Describe the experimental approach used to determine that the membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer | 1. Count # red blood cells 2. Calculate total cell membrane SA 3. Lyse(explode) RBCs 4. Collect membrane phospholipids 5. Compare calculated area to area of isolated phospholipids |
| Define amphipathic. What structures in a cell are amphipathic? | Have hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions; phospholipids |
| What materials can pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane? | Nonpolar/hydrophobic (O2, N2, benzene) Small polar (H2O, CO2, glycerol) |
| What materials cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane? | Large polar (glucose/sucrose) Hydrophilic/ions (H+,Na+,Ca2+) |
| What are the two kinds of proteins associated within the plasma membrane? | Integral: go all the way through Peripheral: on one surface of the membrane |
| How was it determined that membranes were fluid? | Died 2 diff. proteins red/green. Fused cells and red/green were mixed equally.. proteins were moving because of fluid membrane |
| How does a cell control the fluidity of the membrane? Why would it want to? | Unsaturated and/or short fatty acid chains INCREASE fluidity; Saturated and/or long fatty acid chains DECREASE fluidity In response to temperature changes.. decrease temp, decrease fluidity |
| Define diffusion | Movement of molecule to HIGH concentration to LOW concentration Driven by thermal motion (heat) |
| Define anti-diffusion/active transport | Movement of molecules from area of LOW concentration to HIGH concentration Requires cellular energy |
| When will simple diffusion occur? | The membrane is permeable to the substance and there is a concentration difference (small hydrophillic and hydrophobic molecules |
| How does facilitated diffusion work? | Carrier/channel proteins control the flow across the membrane allowing the cell to control what goes in or out |
| Difference between carrier and channel proteins | Carrier: gated channels that control flow/saturation kinetics(barber shop analogy..only so many at once); Channel: Open flow/ linear kinetics |
| What is a concentration gradient? | A difference in concentration between two points in space |
| Define and differentiate between the three types of carrier proteins | Uniporters: transport single molecule in one direction Symporters: transport two molecules in one direction Antiporters: transport two molecules in opposite direction |
| Define osmosis and water potential | Osmosis: diffusion of water across a cell; prediction of the direction of osmosis |
| Water Potential: Inside = Outside Inside > Outside Inside < Outside | No net movement Water moves out Water moves in |
| Define energy and the two types (in this class) | The capacity to do work; Kinetic-energy of motion(heat, light, mechanical) Potential-stored energy(chemical bonds, concentration gradients) |
| Define Thermodynamics and the first and second laws | Energy transactions; 1st: energy cannot be created or destroyed 2nd: useable energy decreases...disorder/entropy increases in a closed system *Not bodies |
| Gibbs Free Energy Equation and why it's useful | deltaG = deltaH -T(deltaS) can be used to predict equilibrium point |
| What's the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions | Exergonic: Energy released; product favored; spontaneous; -deltaG Endergonic: Energy absorbed; reactant favored; non-spontaneous; +deltaG |
| In the cell ____________releases energy for use by endergonic reactions necessary in the cell | hydrolysis of ATP |
| Describe the ATP cycle | ATP+H2O (hydrolysis) --> Energy for endergonic rxns --> ADP + Pi --> condensation rxn using energy from exergonic cellular rxns --> ATP + H2O, etc. |
| How to determine delta G of coupled reactions | Add the exergonic and endergonic reactions... can be used to turn an endergonic reaction to exergonic |
| What determines the rate of a reaction and how? | Activation energy; Lower AE = higher reaction rate Higher AE = lower reaction rate |
| What is a catalyst | An addition to the reaction that speeds up reaction without being consumed by lowering the activation energy (enzymes) |
| What are the energy and carbon sources for photoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs | photoautotrophs: (plants) CO2; Light chemoheterotrophs: (animals) organic; chemical compounds |
| Abiotic vs. biotic | nonliving vs. living |
| What are the three levels of the biotic portion of the ecosystem | Producers (photoautotrophs); consumers (chemeoheterotrophs); decomposers (eat dead producers and consumers |
| What is important to remember about the energy flow of the ecosystem? | Energy flux is 1 way |
| Is earth a closed system? | Yes with respect to entropy; no with respect to energy |
| What are the trophic levels | Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) --> secondary consumers (carnivores) --> primary consumers (herbivore) --> producers.... all to detritivores (bacteria/fungi) |
| What is the transfer efficiency of the food chain and why? | 10% Some cannot be extracted form food; some lost "staying alive"; some lost as heat |
| What are the 6 primary atoms all organisms are made of and their cycle? | C H O N P S; Resevoir --> incorporation --> Organisms --> return |
| What are the resevoirs of the following? a. Carbon b. Hydrogen c. Nitrogen d. Oxygen e. Phosphorous f. Sulfur | a. CO2 of atmosphere b. H2O c. N2 of atmosphere d. H20 e. Soil f. Volcanic ash and earth |
| What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and respiration | Photosynthesis: inputs - CO2 & H2O outputs - O2 & sugar Respiration: inputs - O2 & sugar outputs - CO2 & H2O |
| What is the primary source of N for biological systems? | 95% from microorganisms 5% from atmosphere |
| Describe the process of nitrogen fixation | bacteria convert N2 in atmosphere to ammonia/nitrate ion to be used by plants and then animals ... * Fertilizer = human addition of N to soil |
| What biological molecules incorporate phosphorous and sulfur? | Phosphorous: Nucleic acids, ATP, NADP, Phospholipids Sulfur: Amino acids |
| Oxidation vs. Reduction | Loss of e- vs. gain of e- |
| Define e- carriers | Molecules that can be reversibly oxidized and reduced |
| What's an electron transport chain | E- flows spontaneously; allows gradual step-wise release of energy that can be captured (used in ATP synthesis) |
| What's the efficiency of photosynthesis? | 30% |
| Photosynthesis overview: ____supplies e-, ____ provides carbon, _____ provides energy | H2O; CO2; Light |
| Where does photosynthesis occur? | Chloroplast -- thylakoid: photon capture; stroma: sugar manufacturing |
| Describe the inputs, outputs, and location of light reactions | Occur in thylakoid Produce ATP, NADPH, and O2 Requires light as energy source |
| What are the inputs, outputs, and location of dark reactions | Occur in stroma Produce glucose Requires CO2, ATP, and NADPH |
| What is an organized array of pigment input? | Photosystem |
| What's the difference between antenna chlorophyll and reaction center chlorophyll | Antenna: absorb photons, cause e- to excite, don't lose e-, radiate energy, relax Reaction Center: loses e- from radiated energy (oxidized) |
| What happens in photosystem 1? | Light energy absorbed, e- ejected, pick up and flow to NADP+, NADPH reduced by HIGH energy e- |
| What happens in photosystem 2? | Restores photosystem 1, absorbs light.. e- travel from transporter to photosynthesis to leads to energy release used for ATP, Oxidation of water |
| Describe ARP production from e- transport chains | electrical current drives a p+ pump (active transport), pump: uniporters |
| * REVIEW PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTES * | |
| Describe the energy flow in photosynthesis | Photon energy --> electrical potential energy --> p+ pump gradient energy --> kinetic energy (p+ flow/ATP synthase rotation --> ATP chemical bond energy |
| What is the flow of e- referred to as | Chemiosmosis |
| What are the 3 purposes of the ATP Synthase enzyme and an important characteristic of it? | 1. acts as a channel for p+ diffusion 2. uses energy from gradient to make ATP 3. very large assembly of proteins *Kinetic and rotational energy in head catalyzes formation of ATP |
| Are dark reactions independent of light? | No; requires ATP and NADPH produced in light reaction |
| Describe Carbon fixation | CO2 + RuBP(5-carbon) + Rubisco(very abundant enzyme) -->6-C intermediate --> PGA (2 3-C molecules) |
| What does the reduction of PGA produce and what are it's functions? | G3P -used to make glucose -used to regenerate RuBP |
| Describe the Calvin Benson cycle | Co2+RuBP--> PGA (12 ATP) --> intermediate (12 NADPH) --> G3P --> Glucose OR --> (6ATP) RuBP--> |
| The Calvin Benson cycle puts ___________ energy in and outputs ________ | Chemical potential energy; chemical energy rich compound |
| What is the source of all organic carbon in terrestrial ecosystems? | Carbon fixation |
| What are the four main functions of the Calvin Benson Cycle? | 1. Glucose production 2. Fats and lipids form from intermediates 3. Make more complex sugars 4. Make ribose sugars for DNA |
| Which provides energy to a cell? ATP hydrolysis or synthesis | hydrolysis |
| What is the function of photosynthetic reaction centers? | The reduction of the electron transport chain |
| What is a z-diagram good for? | Summarizing electron energy |
| What reduces PGA in the Calvin Cycle? | NADH |
| What catalyzes the first step in the Calvin Cycle? | RuBP |
| In the Calvin Benson Cycle, ____ and ____ are produced, ____ is reduced | G3P; PGA CO2 |
Created by:
jkmccord11
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