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Lymphatic System

SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

QuestionAnswer
What is meant by specific immunity? Defenses are "tailor made": for each specific pathogen.
Where do all cells in the blood come from? bone marrow, including WBCs
What does the phase, "THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IS DIRECTED AGAINST ANTIGENS" mean? THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DOES NOT SEE AN INTACT BACTERIUM BUT ONLY ANTIGENS WHICH ARE ON THE BACTERIUM.
Once T cells leave the bone marrow where do they go? They migrate and "mature" in the thymus.
Where to B cells go? B cells get released from the bone marrow to enter circulation. They mature in the bone marrow.
What is an antigen? a molecule that elicits an immune response
How much does an antigen weigh? at least 10,000 daltons (1 dalton is the weight of a H atom) [Hydrogen's Atomic Weight = 1.00794]
What type of molecule makes up a good antigen? Why? protein; elicits a strong immune response
What molecule makes up a poor antigen? carbohydrates, (LPS of the gram - cell bacteria does not elicit an immune response)
What portion of the antigen is typically "seen" by the immune cell? 6-8 amino acids.
What is the portion of the antigen seen by the immune cell called? antigenic determinate
What's another name for antigenic determinate? epitope
4 characteristics of specific immunity are: 1. specific to antigen 2. exhibits memory 3. diversity 4. self vs nonself
2 arms or branches of specific immunity cellular immunity and humoral immunity
What is meant by exhibits memory when describing this characteristic of specific immunity? on the next encounter with the same pathogen, the pathogen is quickly destroyed
What is meant by diversity when describing this characteristic of specific immunity? one can mount an immune response to perhaps more than 1 million different pathogens
Who are the effectors in cellular immunity? T cells
Who are the effectors in humoral immunity? antibodies (antibodies are made by B cells)
Cytokines are? chemical messengers
Name some types of cytokine? interleukins, interferons, chemotactic factors
What do cytokines do for the immune cells? direct the activities
Chemical messengers released by white cells are: interleukins
What is released by the antigen presenting cell? Interleukin 1. It stimulated T cells.
What does Interleukin 1 do? Stimulates T cells.
What is another action of the Il-1? Acts on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature.
What is another name for Il-1? pyrogen (pyro-fire or heat)
What is released by T helper cell? Il-2
What does Il-2 do? It acts to stimulate T cytotoxic and B cells.
What are interferons? type of cytokine
What do chmotactic factors do? Call other immune cells to the site of the battle.
Name the players in specific immunity: 1. APC (antigen presenting cells - B cell, dendritic cell, and macrophage): 2. T cell: CD 4, the helper and CD8, the killer;3. B cell differentiates into a plasma cell
Describe the plasma cell B cell that differentiates into a plasma cell which secrete antibodies when stimulated by a CD4 cell
What do macrophage/dendritic cells do? recognize and present pathogens
Recognizing and presenting pathogens is called antigen recognition
Pathogens have PAMPs which are: pathogen associated molecular patterns
What is antigen processing? when immune cells eat antigens and chop the antigen into tiny pieces
After immune cells eat and chop the antigen, what's next? Immune cells put pieces of antigen on cell surface with MCH molecule and "present" antigen to T cell
antigen presenting cells are: macrophages and dendritic cells
What is costimulation? T cells require second signal for activation. That signal is the interaction between the antigen presenting cell and the T cell (B7 & CD28). At this time the APC releases some interleukin 1 to T cell. The Il-1 helps to activate the T cell.
True or false: Can B cells present antigen to T cells? True
True or false: T cells must have antigen presented with second signal or it will not see the antigen at all. True
True or false: The macrophage is only a player in specific immunity, not nonspecific immunity False
What is a MHC molecule? antigens/markers on our cells. Stands for major histocompatibility complex
Classes of MHC molecules MHC Class I MHC Class II
MHC1 identifies: your cells as yours. MHC ! is on all nucleated cells. Keeps immune system from attacking you.
MHCII is: Markers present only on antigen presenting cells of the immune system. The piece of antigen that the macrophage presents to the T cell is actually held in clef of MHCII molecule
Transplant rejection occurs if: the MCI antigens of the donor and receiver do not match.
What are the 3 subsets of T cells? 1. T helper/CD4 2. T cytotoxic/CD8 3. T regs
Describe the T helper/CD4 cells: These cells direct the immune response. Other cells of immune system do NOT act unless directed by T helper cell.
Describe the T cytotoxic/CD8 cells: Cytotoxic T cells, also called killers, effective against intracellular pathogens. Recognize and kill viral infected cells, some cancers and transplanted foreign tissue.
What else do CD8's attack? Alter self cells. These cells must be destroyed.
What do these altered self cells display? Display viral or tumor antigens on their cell surface with a MHC I molecule, the self marker
What else do T cytotoxic /CD8 release? cytokines that assist in inflammation, Il-17, induces chemotaxis of monocytes; Il-16 & TNF-beta which enhances phagocytotic activating in macrophages and neutrophils
Describe how killer cells locate & recognize targets: using their T cell receptor, then blow holes in them.
What does the killer cell use to blow holes in the target membrane? perforin molecules that insert or perforate into the target cell membrane
What else do CD8 cells release that causes fragmentation of the target cell DNA? granzymes
granzymes are: molecules that enter the target cell and cause fragmentation of target cell DNA
apoptosis means cell suicide
When does apoptosis happen? When fragmentation of the target cell DNA occurs
CD8/T cytotoxic cells will only kill under the direction of: T helper cell
T cells, once activated, also being to undergo _______ __ ___________. rounds of mitosis
Rounds of mitosis of T cells make _____ ___ ___ ____. clones of CD8 cells
These clones of CD8 cells will: recognize the same antigen.
What else do T cells make when they are activated? memory cells
How do T cells "see" the antigen? All T cells have a cell receptor.
Describe the T cell receptor: lovely 2 polypeptide chains with a variable region at the "end" of the receptor which can differentiate and recognize antigens
Tregs are: cells that are active in suppressing the immune response
B cells make antibodies when they are activated by T helper cells.
True or false: B cells will make antibodies withouth T helper directing them to do so. false
How do B cells see and recognize antigens? B cells have a receptor which recognizes the antigen, the same way T cells do
What antibody is the receptor for the B cell? IgD
B cells once activated begin to ______ _____ _______ __ _______. undergo many rounds of mitosis
B cells also: make an army of identical B cells and begin to pump out antibody which is specific for the antigen
identical B cells to B cells are called: clones
How many antibodies are B cells capable of secreting? 2,000 antibodies/sec.
One give B cell will only secret ___specific antibody. one
During cell division, what will B cells also make. memory B cells.
Describe memory B cells. Memory B cells persist for years just waiting for that antigen to reappear. If the antigen reappears, the memory B cells is ready to pump out far more antibodies far quicker than the intial encounter.
Where does the specific immune response occur? In the immune organs, like lymph nodes and spleen. (And the necessary players are at each site 0 T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages.
Process of immune response/partI 1. foreign antigen presented to CD4/T helper cell 2. CD4/ T helper cell directs both CD8/T cytotoxic cell and B cell to get busy and go to work 3. Il-1 is secreted by macrophages and it stimulates the T cells.
Process of immune response/ part II: 4. Il-2 made by CD4/T helper cells and stimulates many cells of the immune system. 5. Having see antigen AND gotten directions from CD4/T helper cell, the CD8/ T cytotoxic cells or B cell is not activate.
True or false? Not all the immune cell players have to "see" the antigen. false.
Once activate the cells begin to divide and produce more __________, __________. identical cells, clones
Antibodies are called: immunoglobulins
What is the structure of an antibody? y shaped
What are antibodies composed of: a. 2 heavy chains b. 2 light chains
Describe antibody heavy chains: these 2 chains are identical, there is a constant regions, which names the class of antibody and a variable region. The variable region binds to the antigen
Describe antibody light chains: these 2 chains are identical; there is a constant portion and a variable portion. It is the variable portion that binds to the antigen
What are the 5 classes of antibodies? 1. IgG 2. IgM 3. IgA 4. IgE 5. IgD
IgG formed in large quantities during memory response, small, can cross placenta, found in blood
IgM first antibody made in an immune resons, large, composed of 5 antibody units linked together,found in blood, very good to initiate complement system
IgA found in blood and secretions as mother's milk. secreted from consists of 2 antibody units linked together; responsible for mucosal immunity (released in gut and vagina).
IgE active in allergy, inflammation, found in blood
IgD found on B cell; serves as B cell receptor to recognize antigens
Ig immunoglobin
Effects of Antibodies: #1 antibodies may bind to viruses and prevent them from attaching to a self cell. This renders the pathogen harmless to the host.
Effects of Antibodies: #2 antibodies may bind to toxins and render toxin harmless. This is called neutralization and antibodies are called antitoxins.
Effects of Antibodies: #3 antibodies may bind to surface antigens of a pathogens and "glue" the pathogens together.
Effects of Antibodies: #4 Antibodies may bind to pathogens and clump the pathogens together such that the clump preciptitates out of solution. This is called precipitation.
Effects of Antibodies: #5 Antibodies may bind to antigens on the pathogen and enhance phagocytosis of the pathogen. This is called opsonization.
Effects of Antibodies: #6 Antibodies may stimulate inflammation. IgE antibodies can bind to mast cells. The mast cells then liberate their granules. These granules contain histamine, which is a major chemical mediator of inflammation.
Effects of Antibodies: #7 Antibodies may initiate the complement system. Recall that there is a binding site for complement on the antibody.
What is neutralization? when antibodies bind to toxins and render the toxin harmless
What are antitoxins? Antibodies that bind to toxins and render the toxin harmless
What is agglutination? When antibodies bind to the surface antigen of a pathogen and glue the pathogens together.
What is precipitation? When antibodies bind to pathogens and clump the pathogens together such that the clump precipitates out of solution.
What is opsonization? Antibodies bind to antigens on the pathogen and enhance phagocytosis of that pathogen
What are opsonins? Antibodies which bind and make the pathogen more edible.
True or false. There are no binding sites fro basophils and mast cells the antibody false
Antibodies are most effective against___________pathogens. extracellular
Cellular immunity is carried out by which type of cells? CD8/T cytotoxic cells. These cells also kill "altered self" cells.
Cellular Immunity- T cells must have _________ ________to it in order to "see" it. antigen presented
Cellular Immunity-CD8/T cytotoxic cells need: #1 1. to have antigen presented by the "altered self cell" with a MHCI molecule to be "primed" to the target, that is to say identify the target
Cellular Immunity-CD8/T cytotoxic cells need: #2 2. have a CD4/T helper cell "give the command" to kill. This command is given through Il-2.
Cellular Immunity-CD8/T cytotoxic cells need: Note Notice that antigen presentation is necessary for both the Cd8/T cytotoxic cell and the CD4/T helper cell. When the CD8/T cytotoxic cell have received both signals, the CD8/T cytotoxic cells are activated to the specific target.
Cellular Immunity-Memory T cytotoxic cells are also mad during this time. How will a subsequent encount with the same target be? The destruction will be rapid and vigorous.
Tolerance Tolerance is a state of non-responsiveness of the immune system to a specific antigen that results from exposure to that antigen.
What is the most important function of tolerance? to prevent the immune system from responding to self antigens.
Tolerance can be induced several ways: 1. deletion of self reactive lymphocytes 2. preventing the activation of lymphocytes 3. Suppression of the Treg cells
Tolerance: Where does the self deletion of lymphocytes occur? occurs prenatally in the thymus
Tolerance: How are activation of lymphocytes prevented? Since the activation of lymphocytes requires 2 signals, preventing either signal from occurring results in tolerance to that antigen.
Tolerance: How do Treg cells suppress? Dysfunction of the Treg subset can lead to autoimmunity or in some cases, suppress the immune response to tumor cells. (some tumors release cytokines that promote the Tregs and thus suppress the immune response to itself
Types of immunity: 1. genetic 2. active 3. passive
Genetic immunity species specific. Ex. the wrong body temperature for a pathogen to live or an absence of receptors on self cells to which the pathogen may attach
active immunity you make the immune response ( you get memory)
active immunity - a. natural active a. natural active: the immunity was acquired through normal exposure to the pathogen. I.E. you go the disease, as in mumps
active immunity - b. artificial active b. artificial active: the exposure to the pathogen was not normal, as in a vaccination
Passive immunity you do not make the immune response (so no memory)
Passive immunity - a. natural passive a. natural passive: antibodies pass to a nursing infant in the mother's milk. Or antibodies cross the placenta in utero
Passive immunity - B. artificial passive you receive immune cells from a donor through an injection. This would be a gamma globulin shot. Someone else made the antibodies.
Created by: smreisinger
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