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Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System - General and Nonspecific/Innate Immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a germinal centers in lymphatic nodules? | sites of active mitosis |
| Where are Peyer's patches found? | Lower half of small intestine |
| What are lacteals? | lymphatic vessel: a lymphatic vessel that originates in the small intestine and carries a milky fluid chyle to the thoracic duct |
| What is chyle? | the milky fluid taken up by the lacteals from food in the intestine, consisting of an emulsion of lymph and triglyceride fat (chylomicrons); it passes into the veins by the thoracic duct and mixes with blood. |
| What is a opsonin? | any molecule that makes molecules tastier as spaghetti with or without sauce; molecules which increase phagocytosis |
| What is antigen determinant? | the 6-8 amino acids that is seen by immune cells. |
| What is another name for antigen determinant? | epitope |
| 3 purposes of immune system? | defense, fluid balance, and fat absorption |
| What is diffuse lympatic tissue? | loosely dispersed lymphocytes and other cells. |
| What is lymphatic tissue composed of? | connective tissue matrix with lymphocytes |
| Where are lymphatic nodules found? | beneath the epithelia of: digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, tonsils, and appendix |
| Lymph fluid carries ________. | foreign antigens |
| Types of lymphatic organs: | lymph nodes, spleen, thymus |
| 3 mechanisms by which lymph moves through lymphatic vessel: | contraction of the smooth muscle of lymphatic vessel; contraction of skeletal muscles, "muscle pump", and thoracic pressure changes, "respiratory pump" |
| What do lymph nodes do? | ****filter the lymph, catch and concentrate foreign antigens and provide a source of lymphocytes |
| Where is the spleen? | left lateral border of abdomen |
| What are 4 functions of the spleen? | removes worn out effete RBCs by macrophages, initiates specific filters blood, initiates immune response involving T, B, & macrophages, serves are small blood reservoir |
| What does effete mean? | no longer capable of effective action |
| What does nonspecific/innate immunity defense mean? | THESE DEFENSES ARE AGAINST ANY AND ALL PATHOGENS; NO SPECIFITY |
| What physical barriers help in nonspecific/innate immunity? | skin, tears & saliva, urine, bile, stomach |
| How do phagocytes engulf bacteria and internalize them? | in a vesicle called phagosome. |
| What does the phagosome join with and what do they both form together? | Phagosome joins lyosome and forms a phagolysosome where bacteria are digested. |
| What's a phagosome? | vesicle that phagocyte uses to engulf bacteria and internalize them. |
| What molecules are lethal to bacteria and aid in killing them? | hydrogen peroxide H2O2, nitric oxide N)2 and superoxide anions, O- |
| What is used to digest those nasty little bacteria? | Lysozyme and acid hydrolases |
| What do chemotactic factors do? | Call other phagocytes to the area of bacterial invasion. |
| Name the 5 types of phagocytes: | 1. fixed macrophages, 2. free macrophages, 3. neutrophils, 4. eosinophils, 5. monocytes |
| Give example of a fixed macrophage | ex. alveolar macrophages, lives in alveoli |
| What do those free macrophages do? | Wander around, mobile. |
| Describe neutrophils: | in blood; eat bacteria |
| Describe eosinophils: | eat antigen-antibody complexes (antigens coated with antibodies) |
| Describe monocytes: | in blood; when they leave the blood they are called macrophages |
| In nonspecific/innate immunity, what surveillance is going on? | surveillance by natural killers, NK cells |
| Just what do NK cells do? | kill tumors or virally infected cells (altered self cells) |
| Describe these NK cells: | large granules in cytoplasm; granules filled with perforin molecules |
| How do the NK cells kill virally infected cells? | The NK cells line up with the target cell and blows holes in the targe cell. |
| What does perforin mean? | Here's the technical definition: a protein in cytotoxic T lymphocytes that creates transmembrane pores that act as ion channels in the target cell. |
| So what happens in the inflammatory response of the nonspecific/innate immunity? | It ALWAYS starts with a puncture to the skin. Toll-like receptors recognize "pathogenic antigens" (PAMPs) such as bacterial cell wall components. |
| Chemical mediator: histamine does what? | causes vasodilation of LOCAL region and causes capillaries to become leaky. |
| Chemical mediator: leukotrienes cause what? | cause prlonged smooth muscle contraction esp. in lungs. |
| Chemical mediator: prostaglandins cause what? | vasodilation & increase vascular permeability, stimulate pain receptors |
| Chemical mediator: kinins cause? | vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, stimulate pain receptors especially bradykin; attract neutrophils |
| Chemical mediator: fever does what? | may inhbit the replication of the pathogen, peps up immune system, causes macrophages to keep their fe store |
| What is fever produced by? | pyrogens that are made by macrophages - Il-1, bacterial cell products (endotoxins) and viruses |
| What do pyrogens act on? | the hypothalamus to "reset your body thermostat |
| When histamine causes capillary leakiness what happens? | The leakiness aloows plasma and WBCs to leave the vessels and migrate into tissues. |
| When clotting factors in the plasma leak out into the tissue what does this allow? | Walling off of the infected area to prevent the spread of infection. Stimulates gland secretions, especially mucus and attracrs eosinophils. |
| Describe size and shape of lymph nodes? | small up to one inch in size and lima bean shaped or round |
| What do large lymph nodes become swollen? | possibly due to mitotic activity and migration of blood lymphocytes into nodes |
| The 3 superficial aggregations of nodes on each side of body are: | inguinal, axillary and cervical |
| What is produced in lymph nodes? | the production of memory B cells |
| Cancers originating in lymph system are called: | lymphomas |
| What do cancer cells use the lympathics as a pathway for? | metastasis (spreading) |
| If contact with antigen occurs in lymph node, what happens? | flow through the node is stopped to try and immobilize the antigen |
| What occurs in the lymph nodes? | Immune response, specific response |
| What causes lymphadenopathy? | response to bacterial or viral infections, endocrine disorders or cancer |
| Chemical mediator: Interferon is what? | chemcial released by virally infected cells |
| What does interferon do? | Acts to inhibit viral replication (one function) |
| Where does interferon act? | In local neighborhoods only |
| 3 classes of interferon | alpha, beta, gamma |
| How is interferon made? | Cells that have been invaded by virus make interferon which they release to the outside |
| When neighboring cells are warned that there is a viral invasion going on what happens? | The neighbor cells crank up their metabolism to make PROTEINS that inhibit viral replication. By the way, the cells that made the interferon doen't help only the neighboring cells help. |
| Chemical mediator: Complement system is: | series of about 20 proteins found in blood. (They are in inactive form until they are activated.) |
| The 3 majors actions of the complement system are? | 1. the cell wall of the pathogen is destroyed, 2. phagocytes are attracted (chmotaxis) and act as opsonins, 3. the inflammatory response is stimulated. |
Created by:
smreisinger
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