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Ecosytems and enviro
Topics 10-11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Difference between famine and chronic hunger | A famine is a food shortage that may last for years in drought or war torn country. It auses mass death in a relatively short space of time. Chronic hunger, lasts much longer and it is were people are dying mostly from malnutrition rather than starvation. |
| How are gain stocks are a measure of world food security? | The amount of grain stocks should be about 80 days worth to cushion bad yields and failed crops. When stock drop below this level, food prices increase and even less people in developed nations can afford food. |
| Compare polyculture and monoculture | Monoculture is what is mostly employeed today where only one type of crop is grown/ Poly culture is were many different types of crops are grown and has benefits of higher yields, ecosystem simulation, which can reduces pests etc. |
| Explain the term, green revolution; | In the mid-1900s, there was a significant increase in agricultural production - the Green Revolution new cereal varieties that were resistant to certain pests and were 2-3 times more productive than traditional varieties. Start of industrial agri |
| Discuss reasons for the global decline in domesticated plant and animal varieties | Due to plants and animals being selected to serve humans. Only select individuals are chosen for select desirable traits, thus reducing the genetic diversity of the organisms.-reduces the variability. |
| What are the most commonly eaten food in the world? | Corn, rice and wheat. |
| What is polyculture? | A type of intercropping,numerous cultures being grown together advantages; crop rotation, greater biodiversity. |
| What is subsistence agriculture? | Where a family might set up and farm and produce only enough crops to feed themselves, self-sustaining, highly labour intensive and produces low yields. |
| Describe slash and burn techniques. | tropical areas- slash down vegitation and burn. |
| Industrialisation of agriculture has led to: | water pollution increased soil erosion increased energy demands mechanisation of agriculture fossil fuels |
| What is environmental Sustainability? | The Ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the needs of future generations. |
| What are the 5 recommendations for sustainable living? | 1. Eliminating poverty and stabilizing the human population 2. Protecting and restoring Earth’s resources 3. Providing adequate food for all people 4. Mitigating climate change 5. Designing sustainable cities |
| Describe recommendation 1- Eliminating Poverty and Stabilizing Human Population | Eliminating Poverty Improving quality of life in lower-income countries will require increasing economic growth Must address issues of: health, nutrition and education Role of women requires attention |
| Eliminating poverty cont. | Need more trained professionals in developing countries Debts to poorest countries should be forgiven Population Must devote necessary resources to family planning |
| Describe Recommendation 2 - Protecting and Restoring Earth’s Resources | The world’s forests Lost for two reasons Converted to cash Pressure from rapid population growth and widespread poverty Need to protect forests Loss of biodiversity Need to protect biodiversity Food, medicine, clothing Ecosys |
| Protecting and Restoring Earth’s Resources cont. | Economic development cannot ignore functions of biological and physical systems Depends on attitudes and practices based on scientific information |
| Describe Recommendation 3 - Providing Adequate Food For All People | Link between poverty and food insecurity Agriculture must be improved to achieve more global sustainability Manage farmlands and grazing lands efficiently (precision farming and IPM) Reduce loss of soil fertility, erosion, aquifer depletion |
| Describe Recommendation 4 - Mitigating Climate Change | Human activities are causing the increase in global temperature Must address climate change in aggressive coordinated fashion Cannot wait until scientific knowledge is complete- earth is too complex |
| Mitigating Climate Change cont. | Stabilizing climate requires a comprehensive energy plan Phase out of fossil fuels in both developed AND developing countries |
| Describe Recommendation 5 - Designing Sustainable Cities | Almost 50% of world’s population now lives in cities Need to design sustainable cities Urban transportation systems Parks and open spaces Innovative approaches to handle water scarcity and sewage treatment |
| What is Consumption overpopulation? | Situation where each individual in a population consumes too large a share of resources |
| What is Sustainable consumption? | Use of goods and services that satisfy basic human needs and improve the quality of life but that minimize the use of resources so they are available for future use |
| What is the role of education? | Role of Education Accurate information must be made widely available People’s concerns for the environment do not translate into action. People must be educated to understand the reasons for changing practices |
| What is the role of education? cont. | 1. Set up environmental curricula at all school levels 2. Encourage environmental organizations 3. Support institutions that promote conservation and sustainability 4. Encourage inclusion of relevant |
| Distinguish between industrialised, shifting and nomadic agricultural systems | Industrialised is using modern techniques which use technology and machinery, making the yields higher and the process less labour intensive. |
| Distinguish between industrialised, shifting and nomadic agricultural systems cont. | Shifting is a technique where crops are planted, produce yield and then the area is left to rest- eg,slash and burn is where rainforest is cut down to plant crops –due to the soils losing productivity, they needto move around about every 3 years. |
| Distinguish between industrialised, shifting and nomadic agricultural systems cont. | Nomadic is where peoples with no perminant dwelling herd livestock from once area to the next.-Arid areas, because crops will not grow there, and constant moving to find food. |
| What is meant by the term, domesticated plant? | The process of adapting wild plants to serve humans. Altering the traits via selective breeding. |
| List the environmental problems resulting from modern mechanised agriculture. | The agricultural use of fossil fuels and pesticides produces air pollution Animal wastes and agricultural chemicals cause water pollution |
| List the environmental problems resulting from modern mechanised agriculture. cont. | The quantity of manure produced by livestock factories can cause severe waste disposal problems and soil, surface water, and groundwater pollution Pesticide resistance is developing in many insect, weeds, and disease-causing organisms |
| List the environmental problems resulting from modern mechanised agriculture. cont. | Land degradation results from industrialized agriculture Clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetlands to grow crops have resulted in habitat fragmentation, resulting in the decline of various species |
| Why does a decrease in genetic diversity in agricultural crops increase the likelihood of a decline in agricultural production? | When a disease breaks out in a domesticated plant or animal population, the entire uniform population is susceptible. |
| Outline two uses that have been made of genetic engineering in agriculture. | Making some strains of corn drought resistant. And genetically engineered vaccines administered to cattle, against viral disease: rinderpest. |
| In what ways is aquaculture more like agriculture than fishing? | Because the space, area, diets, breeding cycles are all controlled. Aquatic organisms are bred for human consumption. |
| Give at least three examples of ways that industrialized agriculture could be made more sustainable | Intergrating pest management, minimises pesticides. Re introduce trees, birds help control pests. breeding of disease resistant crops. Crop Diversification-polyculture, allows an ecosystem to form with adequate rest for land. |
| Give at least three examples of ways that industrialized agriculture could be made more sustainable cont | improved soil management- habitat for fungi, bactera and insects which decompose orangic litter to form humus,provide symbiotic relationships. humus increases the water holding capacity of soil-reduce amount of water used. |
| How does a sustainable agricultural system resemble a natural ecosystem? | Increases the biodiversity, means different organisms care take on different roles and occupy different tropic levels. Promotes symbiotic relationships. |
| Why does food insecurity occur? What are the links among poverty, food insecurity and population issues? | Food insecurity occurs mainly because some ofthe world over comsumes food while the rest of the world does not have access to this food. Poverty is the leading cause for malnourishment. These are also the areas with the poorest education, infrustructure. |
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TLC1819
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