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Chapter 2 Vocabulary
Psych 199-Personality
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the distinctive patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that characterize a person's adjustments to the demands of life | personality |
| theories based on Freud's view that clashes between different elements or forces within the personality shape behavior, thoughts, and emotions | psychodynamic theories |
| in psychodynamic theory, the part of the mind whose contents are not in awareness but are capable of being brought into awareness by focusing of attention | preconscious |
| in psychodynamic theory, the part of the mind whose contents are not available to ordinary awareness | unconscious |
| in psychodynamic theory, a defense mechanism that protects the self from anxiety by keeping unacceptable wishes, impulses, and ideas out of awareness | repression |
| Freud's method of exploring personality | psychoanalysis |
| a blocking of thoughts whose awareness could cause anxiety | resistance |
| in psyschodynamic theory, a hypothesized mental structure that helps explain different aspects of behavior | psychic structures |
| the psychic structure, present at birth, that represents physiological drives and is fully unconscious | Id |
| the guiding principle of the id, directing pursuit of instant gratification of instinctual demands without regard to social requirements or the needs of others | pleasure principle |
| the second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self-awareness, planning, and the delay of gratification | Ego |
| the guiding principle of the ego, directing pursuit of satisfaction of instinctual demands within the constraints of social living | reality principle |
| in psychodynamic theory, an unconscious function of the ego that protects the self from anxiety-evoking material entering conscious awareness | defense mechanism |
| the third psychic structure, which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior | superego |
| in psychodynamic theory, the incorporation within the personality of another person's moral standards, values, or behaviors | identification |
| in psychodynamic theory, the basic instinct to preserve and perpetuate life | eros |
| in psychoanalytic theory, the energy of eros; the sexual instinct. generally, sexual interest or drive | libido |
| areas of the body that are sensitive to sexual sensations | erogenous zones |
| in psychodynamic theory, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during different stages of development | psychosexual development |
| the first stage of psychosexual development, during which gratification is hypothesized to be attained primarily through oral activities | oral stage |
| in psychodynamic theory, a form of arrested development, marked by the appearance of traits associated with an earlier stage of psychosexual development | fixation |
| the second stage of psychosexual development, when gratification is attained through anal activities | anal stage |
| the third stage of psychosexual development, characterized by a shift of libido to the phallic region | phallic stage |
| a conflict of the phallic stage in which ssthe boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as a rival in love | oedipus complex |
| a conflict of the phallic stage in which the girl longs for her gather and resents her mother | electra complex |
| transferred | displaced |
| a phase of psychosexual development characterized by repression of sexual impulses | latency |
| the mature stage of psychosexual development, characterized by preferred expression of libido through intercourse within the context of marriage | genital stage |
| Jung's psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes | analytical psychology |
| Jung's hypothesized store of vague memories of our ancestral past | collective unconscious |
| basic, primitive images or concepts hypothesized by Jung to reside in the collective unconscious | archetypes |
| feelings of inferiority hypothesized by Adler to serve as a central motivating force in the personality | inferiority complex |
| Adler's term for the desire to compensate for feeling of inferiority | Drive for superiority |
| Adler's term for the self-aware part of the personality that directs goal-seeking efforts | creative self |
| the term describing Adler's personality theory that emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual | individual psychology |
| Erikson's theory of personality and development, which emphasizes social relationships and eight stages of personal growth | psychosocial development |
| Erikson's term for a period of serious soul-searching about one's beliefs, values, and direction in life | identity crisis |
| Erikson's term for the sense of who we are and what we stand for | ego identity |
| an early school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should limit itself to the study of observable behavior | behaviorism |
| a simple form of learning in which one stimulus comes to bring forth the response usually brought forth by a second stimulus a a result of being paired repeatedly with the second stimulus | classical conditioning |
| a stimulus that elicits a response from an organism without learning | unconditioned stimulus |
| an unlearned response; a response to an unconditioned stimulus | unconditioned response |
| a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already brought forth that response | conditioned stimulus |
| a response to a conditioned stimulus | conditioned response |
| in classical conditioning, repeated presentation of the coordinated stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, leading to the suspension of the conditioned response | extinction |
| in classical conditioning, the eliciting of an extinguished conditioned response by a conditioned stimulus after some time has elapsed | spontaneous recovery |
| a form of learning in which the frequency of behavior is increased by means of reinforcement or rewards | operant conditioning |
| a reinforcer that increases the frequency of behavior when it is presented (i.e. food and approval) | positive reinforcer |
| a reinforcer that increases the frequency of behavior when it is removed (i.e. pain, anxiety, & social disapproval) | negative reinforcer |
| an unlearned reinforcer (i.e. food, water, warmth or pain) | primary reinforcer |
| a stimulus that gains reinforcement value as a result of association with established reinforcers (i.e. money & social approval) | secondary reinforcer |
| an unpleasant stimulus that suppresses behavior | punishment |
| a cognitively oriented theory in which observational learning, values, & expectations play major roles in determining behavior (formerly termed social-learning theory) | social-cognitive theory |
| Bandura's term for the social-cognitive view that people influence their environment just as their environment influences them | reciprocal determinism |
| learning by observing the behavior of others | observational learning/modeling |
| factors within the person (i.e. expectations & competencies) that influence behavior | person variables |
| factors in the environment (i.e. rewards & punishments) that influence behavior | situational variables |
| knowledge & skills that enable us to adapt to the demands we face in our social environment | competencies |
| to symbolize, transform, or represent events or information | encode |
| personal predictions about the outcome of events | expectancies |
| beliefs about one's ability to perform specific tasks successfully | self-efficacy expectations |
| the view that people are capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, & ethical behavior | humanism |
| the view that people are completely free to choose their courses of action & are ultimately responsible for their actions | existentialism |
| in humanistic theory, an innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential. self-initiated striving to become all one is capable of being | self-actualization |
| Maslow's progression from basic, physiological needs to social needs to aesthetic & cognitive needs | Hierarchy of needs |
| to Rogers, the center of our conscious experience that organizes how we relate to the world as a distinct individual | self |
| one's unique patterning of perceptions & attitudes, according to which one evaluates events | frames of reference |
| acceptance of others as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment. consistent expression of esteem for the value of another person | unconditional positive regard |
| standards of worth | standards by which the value of a person is judged |
| one's concepts of what one's capable of being | self-ideals |
| a relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior & assumed to give rise to consistent behavior | trait |
| Eysenck's term for emotional instability | neuroticism |
| a trait characterized by preference for solitary activities & tendencies to inhibit impulses | introversion |
| a trait characterized by tendencies to be socially outgoing & to express feelings & impulses freely | extraversion |
| chemicals in the nervous system that carry messages from one nerve cell, or neuron, to another | neurotransmitters |
| the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender culture, & socioeconomic status in personality, behavior, & adjustment | sociocultural theory |
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rrparikh23
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