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Energy of Life
the energy that makes life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is energy? | the ability to do work - to move matter |
| kinetic energy | energy in motion |
| Examples of kinetic energy | light, sound, movement of atoms and molecules, muscle contraction |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| Examples of potential energy | chemical energy (stored in bonds), concentration gradient across a membrane |
| entropy | a measure of the randomness, or disorder, of the universe |
| Our planet is a system that is constantly getting new energy in the form of? | sunlight |
| metabolism | includes all chemical reactions in cells, including those that build new molecules and those that break down existing molecules |
| chemical reactions | may require energy input or release energy |
| energy requiring reaction is? | photosynthesis |
| energy releasing reaction is? | cellular respiration |
| Most energy transformations in organisms occur in what? | oxidation-reduction reactions |
| The loss of electrons from an atom or molecule; these reactions release energy? | oxidation |
| The gain of electrons (and whatever energy contained in the electrons) by an atom or molecule. Theses reactions require energy? | reduction |
| electron transport chain | a series of membrane proteins participating in sequential oxidation-reduction reactions. Energy is released at each step. |
| photosynthesis and cellular respiration both use what? | electron transport chains |
| A nucleotide that temporarily stores energy? | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| what releases energy from food, producing ATP from ADP? | Mitochondria |
| All cells rely on the potential energy stored in ATP to _____________. | power chemical reactions |
| Removing the endmost phosphate group by hydrolysis releases the potential energy stored in ________. | ATP (The cell uses this energy to do work) |
| ATP formation is coupled with what? | energy-releasing reactions |
| ATP breakdown is coupled with what? | energy-requiring reactions |
| A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed? | enzyme |
| Chemical reactions in cells must occur very quickly to ____________. | sustain life |
| An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the __________. | activation energy (the required to start the reaction) |
| Once the chemical reactions occurs, product molecules are released. The enzyme retains its what? | original form |
| One way cells control the rate of chemical reactions is by __________ the activity of enzymes. | limiting |
| The product of the reaction that the enzyme catalyzes. | inhibitor |
| The product of a reaction slows the production of more product. | negative feedback |
| _________ also affects enzyme activity. | temperature |
| _________________ and ________ also affect enzyme activity. | salt concentration; pH |
| What do enzymes do in cells? | reduce the amount of energy it takes, moving in and out of the cell |
| Solutes enter and exit cells by different methods, depending on two factors: | concentration gradients and the chemical nature of the substance (polarity, charge, and size) |
| A cell's interior is chemically different from it's __________. | exterior |
| What is concentration gradient? | black pixels, with high concentration at the top and low concentration at the bottom |
| How cells transport substances across their membranes: | passive transport, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis |
| What occurs when concentration gradients dissipate across a biological membrane? | passive transport |
| Particles that move from high concentration to low concentration. | simple diffusion |
| The diffusion of water down its concentration gradient, is also a type of passive transport. | osmosis |
| Passive transport that requires membrane proteins. | facilitated diffusion |
| The cell uses energy and a transport protein to move a substance against its concentration gradient. | active transport |
| ___________allows a cell to engulf fluids and large molecules and bring them into the cell. | endocytosis |
| What uses vesicles to transport substances out of cells? | exocytosis |
| What moves chloride ions out of cells by active transport? | CFTR proteins |
Created by:
stanman37
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