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micro-1st test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| father of modern mico | pasteur |
| o Developed swan-neck flask to demonstrate infusions remained sterile even if flask was left open | pasteur |
| - a series of proofs that verified the Germ Theory could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it causes, postulates are the cornerstone of the germ theory | kochs postulates |
| o Invented techniques: inoculation, isolation media, maintenance of pure cultures, prep of specimens for microscopic examination | koch |
| introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical setting and prevent wound infections | lister |
| correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward | Semmelweis |
| : production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms oFermentation of milk to produce numerous products | biotechnology |
| manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products | genetic engineering |
| using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem oUse organisms to degrade environmental waste oClean up oil spills oTreat radioactive waste | bioremediation |
| light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material | photosynthesis |
| breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds | decomposition |
| diseases thought to be “defeated” increasing in frequency oOften more serious oCausative agent usually resistant to treatment oReasons: increased travel to foreign counties, unvaccinated individuals | resurgent diseases |
| disease show increased occurrence with wider distribution oLegionnaire’s disease, lymes disease, west nile virus, SARS oFactors: changing lifestyles & genetic change in organisms | emergent diseases |
| odd bacteria that live in extreme environments: high salt and heat | archea |
| have a nucleus and organelles | eukarya |
| oContain protein coat surrounding nucleic acid oObligate intracellular parasites (must have host machinery to replicate, inactive outside host) oAll forms of life can be infected by | viruses |
| oInfections proteins oContain no nucleic acid oResponsible for 7 neurodegenerative disease oNo DNA or RNA | prions |
| same experiment with same results | validity |
| how close a measurement is to the true value | accuracy |
| how close the measured values are to each other | precision |
| animal, plants, fungi, protists | eukarya |
| an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment, composed of polysaccharides and appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer, or capsule | Glycocalyx |
| rigid and provide structural support and shape | cell wall |
| bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded, also contain sterols | cytoplasmic membrane |
| spherical structure surrounded by a double membrane containing the genome | nucleus |
| external boundary which separates the nucleus from the cell cytoplasm | nuclear envelope |
| site of ribosome synthesis and RNA synthesis | nucleolus |
| large units of genetic information in the cell | chromosomes |
| an internal network of membranous passageways extending through the cell | endoplasmic reticulum |
| closed tubular network w/o ribosomes; fcns in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of lipids | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| sites for protein synthesis present in eukaryotes and prokaryotes | ribosomes |
| packaging center that receives materials from the ER and then forms vesicles around them for storage or for transport to the cell membrane for secretion | golgi complex |
| vesicles containing enxymes that originate from the golgi apparatus, involved in intracellular digestion of food partiles and protection against invading microbes | lysosomes |
| generate energy in the form of ATP to be used in numerous cellular activities | mitochondria |
| membranous packets found in plants and algae, used in photosynthesis | chloroplasts |
| maintains the shape of cells and produces movement of cytoplasm within the cell, movement of chromosomes at cell division, and in some movement of the cell as a unit | cytoskeleton |
| long, hollow tubes that maintain the shape of eukaryotic cells that lack a cell wall | microtubules |
| hin strands composed of the protein actin that attach to the cell membrane and form a network through cytoplasm | microfilaments |
| the loose, gellike covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides | capsule |
| very delicate thin fluid, mosaic structure Semipermeable barrier between the interior of the cell and the external environment | cytoplasmic/cell membrane |
| the basophilic nuclear region that contains the bacterial chromosome | nucleoid |
| free small circular, double stranded DNA used in genetic engineering readily manipulated and transferred from cell to cell | plasmids |
| composed of identical twisted protein subunits, flagellin | flagella |
| 3 parts to flagella | filament, hook, basal body |
| with a single flagellum | Monotrichous |
| with small bunches of flagella emerging from the same site | Lophotrichous |
| with flagella at both poles of the cell | Amphitrichous |
| flagella dispersed over cell surface | Peritrichous |
| clockwise motion | tumbles |
| counter clockwise motion | run |
| internal flagella, enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan | periplasmic flagella |
| rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein • Found in gram-negative cells • Function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer (conjunction) | pilli |
| fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface • Function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces | fimbrea |
| coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/ or proteins | glycocalyx |
| loosely organized and attached | slime layer |
| highly organized, tightly attached | capsule |
| inert, resting, cells produced by some G+ genera, withstand hostile conditions and facilitates survival (withstand extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals) | endospore |
| form the rigid part of bacteria cell walls | peptidoglycan |
| contains specialized types of lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins | outer membrane (gram neg) |
| : lipid portion may become toxic when it is released during infections, polysaccharides give rise to the O antigen in gram-negative pathogens can be used in identification and function as receptors in blocking host defenses | lipopolysaccharide |
| extra chromosomal genetic units characterized by several features | plasmids |
| protein coasts that enclose and protect their nucleic acid, all viruses have | capsid |
| complete set of chromosomes and genes | genome |
| virus that is lacking an envelope | naked virus |
| virus with an external covering | enveloped virus |
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