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NURS 500 Patho Ch 1
Patho 500 Ch 1 Cellular Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nucleus of prokaryotes | single, circular xome |
| charac of eukaryotes | membrane bound organelles, well defined nucleus with nuclear env and nucleolus----histones for DNA folding |
| Cellular fxns | Movement Conductivity Metabolic absorption Secretion Excretion Respiration Communication |
| eukaryotic cytoplasm | Cytoplasmic matrix Cytosol Function Cytoplasmic organelles |
| ribosome fxn | RNA protein complexes Free ribosomes Attached ribosomes |
| Endoplasmic reticulum fxn | Site of protein synthesis Smooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Gogli complex | Flattened, smooth membranes Secretory vesicles Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are packaged in the Golgi complex Cisternae |
| lysosomes | Originate from the Golgi Hydrolases, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates Role in autodigestion |
| peroxisomes | Contain oxidative enzymes Break down substances into harmless products |
| mitochondria | Surrounded by a double membrane Participate in oxidative phosphorylation Increased inner membrane surface area provided by cristae |
| cytoskeleton | Bones and muscles” of the cell Maintains the cell’s shape and internal organization Permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external projections Microtubules Centrioles Microfilaments |
| plasma membrane | phosopholipid bilayer of ---phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol |
| pmem protein typs | integral---peripheral---transmembrane |
| function of pmem | Receptors Transport Enzymes Surface markers Adhesion molecules |
| fluid mosaic model | lipid bilyer provides basic structure and relatively IMPERMEABLE barrier to most water soluble molecules |
| raft phospholipids | richer supply of cholesterol an surround regions and form RIGID floating platforms in surface of membrane |
| name 4 proteolytic cascades | caspase mediated apoptosis---blood coagulation cascade---matrix metalloproteinase cascade---complement cascade |
| cell-to-cell adhesions bwo extracellular matrix produced by | fibroblasts, includes collagen---elastin---fibronectin |
| cell-to-cell adhesions include | cell junctions = desmosones---tight junctions---gap junctions |
| another form of cell-to-cell adhesions | gating |
| cellular communication by | direct link---gap jxn---hormonal signals---neurohormonal signals (paracrine/autocrine)---ntrans |
| signal transduction - by extracellular first messengers like Na/K exchange | convey instructions to cell interior ---transfer, amplify, distribute, modulate |
| signal transduction also by channel regulation ----and these two 2nd messenger pathways | cAMP----Ca++-----take home message of all signalling is that it alters the shapes of proteins that bring about a cellular response |
| ATP is created from | chemical energy contained within organic molecules----TRANSFERS energy from one molecule to another |
| where does oxidative phosphorylation take place | mitocondria |
| where does glycolosis occur? | in the cytoplasm |
| what do vaults do? | transport mRNA from nucleus to ribosomes |
| take home message signal transduction | ligand binds---relays/amplifies (2nd messenger)/divergence----regulation of gene expression ---effects metabolism---changes cytoskeleton |
| membrane transport - obvious are diffusion and filtration - who does osmosis roll | movement of water down a concentration gradient - related to hydrostatic pressure and solute concentrations |
| osmolality | mOsm/kgH20---preferred clinically---normal value 280-294 mOsm/kg |
| osmolarity | mOsm/L of soln |
| osmotic pressure | amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water |
| osmole | unit of osmotic pressure = to that produced by an amount of solute that dissociates--> 1 mole of particles (Avogadro's #) |
| oncotic/colloidal osmotic pressure | the osmotic effect of colloids, like plasma proteins. Draws water back into venous end of a capillary----decreased oncotic pressure can't hold onto water, which goes into tissues/edema |
| what molecules can readily diffuse down the concentration gradient from ECF to ICF | 02, N, H20, urea, glycerol, C02 |
| large molecules such as glucose/sucrose are too large to pass even though they are uncharged. These ions can't pass through pores with identical charges (repelled) and need specialized channels to get into cell | H+---Na+---HC03- --- Ca++ ---Cl- ---Mg++ |
| potocytosis is that pesky form of transport by vesicle formation bwo of this outer survace structure | bwo the caveolae, which uptakes the molecule like a specialized lipid raft |
| the conformational-change model of mediated transport = facilitated diffusion | is the ping-pong model where the solute binds ---protein changes shape to 'pong' the the solute across the membrane |
| the channel mode of mediated transport/facilitated diffusion | channel protein forms a water filled poer across the bilayer through which specific ions can diffuse |
| mediated transport is the simultaneous movement using these 3 systems | uniport---symport---antiport |
| Active transport in the Na/K pump - requires 02 to run properly | 3 Na out---2 K in---1 ATP spend |
| place RBC in hypotonic soln of pure water, it will | swell or burst |
| place RBC in hypertonic soln of 18% saline, it will | shrink or creatinize |
| meiosis | reproduction of gametes |
| mitosis has 2 phases | phase 1 is nuclear division---phase 2 is cytokinesis |
| the cell cycle has phases of mitosis (as above) and interphase where . . . | most of the work preparing for division occurs |
| stages of interphase include G-zero, G-1, S and G-2 | G-1 = gap phase of presynthesis---S= synthesis of DNA----G2= RNA/pro synth----M=mitosis/cytokinesis----G-zero takes a rest |
| what does a growth factor actually do - EGF & TGF-alpha stimulate cell cycle | it binds to a receptor to induce the cell cycle. breast cancer has too much estrogen, which serves as growth factor---or could have faulty receptor that is active w/o a growth factor |
| growth factors influence cell cycle, 2 more examples are | cytokines and platelet derived (PDGF) |
| cells become tissue bwo these processes | founder cells --- chemotxis----contact guidance---cellular reproduction |
| epithelial tissue, comes in simple vs. stratified in these flavors | squamous---cuboidal---columnar---pseudostratified. Some are ciliated and/or with microvilli |
| types of connective tissue | ground substance---fibers---loose and dense CT----elastic and reticular CT---cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose and organs |
Created by:
lorrelaws
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