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Immunity
Immunity and Abnormal Responses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| IgG | most common antibody in the blood; activates complement; crosses PLACENTA: creates passive immunity in newborns; used in primary and secondary responses. |
| IgM | FIRST antibody produced; binds to B lymphocytes in circulation; activates complement; involved in ABO blood type incompatibility--clumping of RBC. Made in fetus 20 weeks gestation. |
| IgA | tears and saliva secretions, mucous membranes; in colostrum for newborn's protection via BREASTMILK |
| IgE | Binds to mast cells (in skin and mucous membranes); releases HISTAMINE when linked with allergen = inflammation; ALLERGIC RESPONSE. Defends against parasites. |
| IgD | activates B cells; low blood concentration |
| Antibody (Direct Function) | immobilize microorganisms by agglutination, precipitation, and neutralization of viral activity |
| agglutination | clumping insoluble particles (blood incompatibilities) |
| precipitation | binding soluble antigens |
| Antibody (Indirect Function) | activates complement system |
| Complement System | IgG & IgM activates; protein ring creates cylinder and holes into the cell, cell LYSIS and destruction. |
| Titer | looking for a specific antibody in your blood (i.e. varicella = chickenpox) |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; used to test for HIV |
| Natural Active Immunity | pathogens enter body, cause illness. Antibodies form naturally. Memory. |
| Artificial Active Immunity | Vaccine. No illness, but antibodies form. Memory. |
| Natural Passive Immunity | Antibodies passed from mother to child (TEMPORARY protection)across placenta. No memory. |
| Artificial Passive Immunity | Antibodies injected into person (antiserum), provide temporary protection. (snake antivenom) |
| neutrophils | WBC for phagocytosis; nonspecific; active in inflammatory response |
| basophils | WBC; bind IgE, HISTAMINE released in anaphylaxis |
| eosinophils | WBC; allergic responses |
| monocytes | WBC; migrate from blood into tissues to become macrophages |
| macrophages | phagocytosis; presents antigens to lymphocytes for the immune response |
| mast cells | release chemical mediators (HISTAMINE) in connective tissue |
| B lymphocytes | antibody-producing plasma cell or a B memory cell |
| plasma cells | develop from B lymphocytes and secrete specific antibodies |
| T lymphocytes | WBC; cell-mediated immunity |
| cytotoxic/killer-T cells | destroy antigens, cancer cells, virus-infected cells |
| memory T cells | remember antigen and stimulate immune response on reexposure |
| helper T cells | activate B and T cells |
| NK lymphocytes | natural killer cells destroy foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancer cells |
| Active Immunity | After antigen exposure or immunization, antibodies and T cells are produced. |
| Passive Immunity | Preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes are passed on from another person |
| complement | when activated, these proteins release other chemical mediators ( = inflammation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis). chemical mediator. |
| histamine | release from mast cells and basophils (ALLERGIC REACTIONS); Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability--edema, contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, pruritus (itchiness). chemical mediator. |
| kinins | vasodilation, increased permeability, pain. chemical mediator. |
| prostaglandins | lipids--inflammation, vasodilation, increased permeability, pain. chemical mediator. |
| leukotrienes | lipids (from mast cells and basophils)--contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, inflammation. chemical mediator. |
| cytokines | messengers, chemical mediators. lymphokines, monokines, interferons, interleukins. made by macrophages and activated T-lymphocytes. Stimulate activation/stimulation of B and T cells. Inflammation, fever, leukocytosis. |
| Tumor necrosis factor | stimulates fever, chemotaxis, mediator of tissue wasting, stimulates T-cells, stimulates necrosis in some tumors. chemical mediator. |
| chemotactic factors | attracts phagocytes to inflammation area. chemical mediator. |
| Hyperacute Transplant Rejection | immediate, rare--due to antibodies present in the antigen/graft tissue |
| Acute Transplant Rejection | cell-mediated immune response against the unmatched HLA/MHC antigens |
| Chronic Transplant Rejection | inflammatory damage due to minor/weak cell-mediated reaction against minor HLA/MHC antigens |
| Allograft | tissue transplant between two of the same species |
| Xenograft (Heterograft) | tissue transplant between two different species |
| Anaphylaxis | sudden/severe reaction to an exposed antigen |
| Type I Hypersensitivity: Allergic Reaction | IgE mediated against ENVIRONMENT. occurs at 2nd exposure. vasodilation = BP drops, go into shock. Increased mucous, bronchiole constriction (wheezing). Use EPI-PEN. |
| Isograft | tissue transfer between to genetically identical bodies (identical twins) |
| Autograft | tissue transplant on the same person |
| 2 Problems of Anaphylaxis | 1. Systemic Vasodilation (drop in BP) 2. Edema of lungs, constriction of bronchi (O2 level drops, unconsciousness) |
| Type II Hypersensitivity: Cytotoxic Reaction | IgG or IgM antibodies react with antigens causing destruction; COMPLEMENT is ACTIVATED = cell lysis and phagocytosis. Antigen is present on the cell membrane. ABO blood incompatibility. |
| Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune Complex Reaction | antigen combines with antibody = COMPLEX FORMS. Complex deposits build up, cause inflammation and tissue destruction. AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS. |
| Type IV Hypersensitivity: Cell-Mediated/Delayed | Like tissue rejection. DELAYED INFLAMMATION. (i.e. TB test). Delayed response by sensitized T cell to antigens which release lymphokines causing inflammatory response. |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | sensitized T-lymphocytes form with the help of MHC on surface of APCs. All matured in Thymus. CD4=helpers, CD8=killers. |
| Humoral Immunity | specific matching antibodies form upon antigen presence; B lymphocytes mature in bone marrow. Antibodies produced from plasma cells. |
| Autoimmune Disorders | body recognizes the self-antigen as foreign; body attacks itself; genetic predisposition, environmental factors. |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | butterfly rash; characterized by circulating autoantibodies against DNA, platelets, etc; deposited in tissues = activates complement/inflammation/necrosis = vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels), ischemia (low O2) |
| What can suppress the immune system? | Corticosteroids! |
| HIV is what? | A sexually transmitted autoimmune disease |
| HIV/AIDS | retrovirus (2 stranded RNA virus)= the enzyme reverses itself; blood/body fluids, sexually transmitted, particularly with drug exposure, decline of CD4 T cells. The virus mutates. |
| what are treatments for AIDS? | antiviral (AZT), cocktail of meds, HAART therapy |
| Which antibody is matched with its appropriate role? IgA/allergic reaction IgD/in respiratory secretions IgG/first to challenge antigen IgM/first to challenge antigen | IgM |
| A child who contracts chickenpox at age 5 will develop which type of immunity? Active natural passive natural passive artificial active artificial | active natural |
| maternal IgG antibodies are transported across the placenta into the fetal blood and protect the neonate for the first 6 months, after which they are replaced by the child's own antibodies. True or false? | True |
| which would be at greater risk for developing T cell deficiency? 23yo female post thymectomy 42yo male chronic sinus infection 64yo male latex allergies 36yo female post hysterectomy | 23 yo female post thymectomy |
Created by:
LKowadlo
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