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Bio 12 Section 2.2

Module 2.2

QuestionAnswer
codon three mRNA bases that code for certain amino acids
DNA sequence (genetic code) refers to the arrangement of the four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, and G) in a DNA double helix
initiation first step of the translation process, when a ribosome assembles at the AUG start codon on mRNA
messenger RNA (mRNA) formed by transcription. carries a copy of DNA's instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
promoter specific DNA region where RNA polymerase begins opening up the double helix
RNA polymerase enzyme involved in transcription
termination end of translation of a polypeptide, when the ribosome reaches a stop codon; a release factor frees the polypeptide chain, and the ribosome disassembles
transcription the process by which a segment of DNA acts as a template for the formation of an RNA molecule (mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA)
anticodon a sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule; during translation, the anticodon pairs with a complementary mRNA codon
elongation stage of translation when tRNA molecules are delivering amino acids to an mRNA strand. Peptide bonds form to join amino acids into a polypeptide
polypeptide a chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
polyribosome a string of ribosomes translating the same mRNA strand at the same time, but in different locations, during protein synthesis; also called a polysome
rRNA ribosomal RNA; a component of ribosomes
translation process by which the sequence of codons in mRNA dictates the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
tRNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to mRNA during polypeptide chain elongation; anticodon site binds with mRNA codons
mutation a change in the sequence of bases of a DNA strand
environmental mutagen agents that cause mutation, such as UV light, X-rays, radiation, and some organic chemicals
mutation rate the probability that a gene mutation will occur during DNA replication; this rate increases in the presence of a mutagen
genetic disorder an inherited characteristic (e.g., a disease) passed from parent to offspring; the result of a DNA mutation in genetic material in the parent gametes (egg or sperm)
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