Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology Lab
Introduction
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is a Theory? | - brings together observations, laws, hypotheses and inferences into a logical explanation that describes natural processes - not random - not unsupported by evidence - not a guess - not unchangeable - must be constantly challenged and improved |
| Function of a Theory | - change the way we perceive the universe - describe things that cannot be seen or perceived by our senses (does not deny their validity) - may be used to make predictions that help us with our lives |
| Predictions | - inferences |
| Inferences | a conclusion one draws by looking at the available observable data |
| Formulation of a Theory | Experimentation, Observation, Recording, Analysis of Data |
| Basis for development of the embryo | - cell growth - cell death - movement *these processes are also seen in the immune system and other aspects of the life of an organism. |
| Causes of cancer? | - Deregulation of cell growth, differentiation and movement |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | - found in the nucleus - contains the genetic information that directs the cell - consists of genes |
| What is DNA made up of? | - sugars - phosphate - bases |
| What bases make up DNA? | - adenine - guanine - cytosine - thymine |
| What is a Triplet? | groups of 3 bases - make up the code for one amino acid |
| Genome | the sum of the entire DNA that carries information required for the survival of the organism |
| How is the information contained in DNA used to direct the cell? | - DNA is transcribed to produce mRNA - mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm and is - translated by the ribosome to produce protein by a process known as protein synthesis |
| Involvement of Protein? | - Maintaining structure of the cell - cell division - movement - enzymatic activity (conjugation of proteins) |
| What does protein actin do? | gives the cell its shape and form |
| What does Adhesion molecules do? | attach cells to surrounding tissue |
| What do Receptor proteins do? | bind to hormones and cytokines on the surface of the cell |
| What do Hormones do? | control the expression of genes within the cell |
| What do enzymes do? | - are usually proteins (ex. trypsin- found in your stomach and intestines) - involved in digestion as well as DNA replication and protein synthesis |
| What's another thing that Proteins control | the transcription of certain genes within the nucleus |
| Protein Synthesis | requires an organelle for the translation of the mRNA in order to produce protein |
| Ribosome | - an organelle - often found bound to membranes within the cell known as the endoplasmic reticulum= RER |
| How do ribosomes produce protein? | The ribosome uses transfer RNA to bring different amino acids to the ribosome and bind to the mRNA to produce a protein with the correct sequence of amino acids |
| How are different proteins produced? | By different combinations of amino acids which gives rise to different proteins with different properties |
| Mitochondria | - an organelle - produces energy that is required for the processes of transcription, protein synthesis and DNA replication to occur - where the Krebb's Cycle is involved |
| Chromosomes | - 46 chromosomes in each human cell - contains instructions for the production of protein - made up of DNA |
| Cell Division | - how the body grows - cell first doubles then divides - involves a process called Mitosis - entire DNA has to be faithfully copied and equally divided between the two daughter cells - organelles must also be separated equally |
| Causes of Mutations | - mistake in copying DNA - Cosmic radiation - Carcinogens as cigarette smoke and overdone burgers |
| If Mutations aren't corrected? | - passed onto daughter cells - but if present in germ cells will be passed on to offspring |
| Why is a cell either a hair cell or a liver cell? | - because all cells don't express the same genes - different cells have different proteins in them |
| What happens when a cell does not express the protein its supposed to? Like developmental defects as Achondroplasia (form of dwarfism)? | - caused by a change in the amino acid sequence of a single protein in the cell - leads to substitution of the amino acid Glycine with Arginine - gene encoding this protein= chromosome 4 |
| What does a change in a single amino acid sequence provoke? | a single change leads to a protein that cannot function properly in the production of long bones |
| Alleles | different versions of the same gene |
| Different alleles | different versions of a protein |
| Down Syndrome | - major defect in DNA replication and Mitosis - presence of an extra copy of Chromosome 21 |
| Positive about Mutations | - can help organisms adapt to changes in the environment - driving forces of Evolution |
| Biotechnology | - ability to manipulate DNA - cut and ligate= create new combinations of genes= modify organisms |
| Examples of manipulating DNA | - genetically modified plants - resistant to insects - genetic content can be modified using Plasmids |
| Plasmids | circular pieces of DNA |
| Gene transfer | move genes from one organism to another |
| Gene transfer principle: | Genetic code is universal - gene from one organism can be expressed in an unrelated organism |
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens | - causes tumors in plants - can be modified and remove the gene that brings good benefits like toxin for insects |
| Bacterial transformation | process in which the modified plasmid is reintroduced into bacteria |
Created by:
Jahazania
Popular Biology sets