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ANTI INFECTIVES.
nursing sdg
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Names of meds | 1.Sulfonamides: sulfa- 2.Penicillins: -cillin 3.Cephalosporins: cef- 4.Tetracyclines: -cycline 5.Macrolides: -mycin 6.Fluroquinolones: -floxacin 7.Aminoglycosides: -cin 8.Anti-virals: -vir 9.Anti-fungal: -zole |
| What is the action of sulfonamides? | =Bacteriostatic(Capable of inhibiting the growth or reproduction of bacteria). "inhibits" folic acid-> no cell wall formation. |
| What are the adverse reactions of sulfanomides? | hematologic changes: 1.thrombocytopenia( bleeding) 2.aplastic anemia( bone marrow deficit) 3.leukopenia ( decrease WBC) 4.Steven-Johnson Syndrome 5.Crystalluria (increase fluids) 6.Yellow-orange urine 7.Photosensitivity/skin necrosis(sunscreen). |
| What are the contraindications/interactions for Sulfonamides? | 1. do not use if kidney failure 2.sulfo. will increase anticoagulant action. 3.sulfo. + methotrexate=increase bone marrow suppression 3. take sulfo. on empty stomach. 4. sulfasalazine + food is ok |
| Sulfonamides on burns. | Mafenide or silver sulfadiazine for burns. clean are first then place med+dressing s/e: stinging/burning sensation temporary. Watch for skin necrosis. |
| Penicillin action | bactericidal, prophylaxis. |
| Penicillin adverse reactions. | AR: anaphylaxis, cross sensitivity ( between penicillin and cephalosporin; when you're allergic to one, you're allergic to both), superinfections: bacterial,fungal, GI. |
| Penicillin adverse reactions(hematologic changes) | AR hematologic changes: thrombocytopenia(bleeding), aplastic anemia( bone marrow deficit), leukopenia ( decrease WBC), Steven-Johnson Syndrome. |
| Penicillin drug resistance | Bacteria has natural resistance or has acquired resistance (example: MRSA. |
| "secondary"/"superinfection" | 1. pseudomembranous colitis( blood& mucous/bacterial). -Clostridium difficile : pseudomembranous colitis(diarrhea as a result). 2. Vaginal or anal pain or itching. 3. stomatitis TX: vicous lidocaine ( anesthetic). |
| Penicillin interactions | 1. PCN= BCP= decrease effectiveness of BCP. 2.PCN+tetracycline=decrease effectiveness of tetracycline. 3. PCN+ anticoagulant=increase bleeding risk. |
| penicillins implementation. | 1.Take PCN on empty stomach. 2.Check for fungal & bacterial superinfections.( to decrease risk of fungal & bacterial superinfections, add yogurt , buttermilk & acidophilus in the diet). 3.Give antipyretics , antifungals. 4.Use soft bristled toothbrush. |
| signs & symptoms of anaphylactic shock. | 1. loss of consciousness. 2. difficulty breathing d/t airway constriction. 3. lowered blood pressure. |
| cephalosporins action & uses. | action=bactericidal. uses: UTI, ear infections. divided into 1st, 2nd, 3rd, & 4th generation drugs. |
| cephalosporins adverse reactions | AR: N/V, diarrhea, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity. |
| cephalosporins interactions | 1.cephalosporins+ aminoglycoside= nephrotoxicity 2. cephalosporin+alcohol= Disulfiram-like reaction ( makes you nauseated). 3.cephalosporin+anticoagulant= increase bleeding risk. C+A=Nephrotoxic C+Al= Disulfirum-like Rx. C+ Anti = increase bleeding |
| cephalosporins implementations. | 1.Take cephalosporin on empty stomach. Food ok if upset stomach. 2. Watch for superinfection (fungal & bacterial) 3. Inspect for phlebitis & thrombophlebitis. -fully reconstitute powder . - shake oral supensions & keep refridgerated. |
| What is disulfiram ? | Used to produce aversion to alcohol in the treatment of alcoholism because extremely uncomfortable symptoms occur when its administration is followed by ingestion of alcohol. |
| What is superinfection? | Infectious disease An infection that follows a prior infection, which occurs when native regional flora are substantially reduced, often by antibiotics, allowing invasion by opportunistic organisms, as in pseudomembranous colitis or esophageal candidiasis |
| Tetracyclines action. | 1.broad spectrum bacteriostatic. 2.used when cannot use PCN. |
| Tetracycline adverse reactions. | 1. superinfections ( fungal& bacterial). |
| Tetracycline interactions. | 1.TCN+ digoxin level= increase Digoxin level. 2.TCN + oral anti-coagulant= increase bleeding risk. 3.Take TCN on empty stomach. 4.TCN+BCP=decrease effectiveness of BCP. 5. no milk(calcium), no antacids, no laxatives b/c these decreases TCN effectivene |
| Tetracycline adverse reactions. | 1.N/V, diarrhea. 2.epigastric distress. 3. stomatitis ( Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth). 4.photosensitivity 5.yellow teeth stains. |
| Tetracycline contraindications. | -don't give Tetracycline to children younger than 9 years old. -cautious use in: liver & renal impairment. |
| Macrolide(Erythromycin) | 1. take E-mycin with food. 2. E-mycin+ Theophyliline= increase theophylline level. |
| Lincosamide ( Clindamycin) | 1.Give clindamycin with food or a full glass of water. 2.Do not give lincosamides to someone with a viral infection. |
| Fluroquinolones ( ciprofloxacin) & Aminoglycosides (gentamycin) uses. | - used for resistant bacteria such as pneumonia, UTI, etc. - this is a broad-spectrum bactericidal. |
| Fluroquinolones ( ciprofloxacin) & Aminoglycosides (gentamycin) adverse reactions | 1.N/V , diarrhea. 2. epigastric distress. 3.stomatitis 4. photosentivity |
| Aminoglycosides adverse reactions | 1. nephrotoxicity (hematuria;check BUN) 2. ototoxicity(tinnitus, vertigo) 3. neurotoxicity ( numbness, pain) |
| Aminoglycosides interactions. | 1. Aminoglycosides + cephalosporins=increase nephrotoxicity. 2.Aminoglycosides + loop diuretics= increase ototoxicity. 3. Aminoglycosides + Pavulon= increase neuromuscular blockade. |
| Fluroquinolones & Aminoglycoside implementation. | 1. PCN + Aminoglycoside = cancels each other. 2. Fluroquinolones + NSAIDs= risk of seizures. 3.don't open enteric coated tablets/capsules. 4.drink lots of water. 5. photosensitivity 6.diarrhea |
| antiviral uses/info/interactions. | uses:CMV in transplant pts., HSV1&2,herpes zoster,HIV, influenza,Hepatitis B&C info:-decrease virus'ability to reproduce in a cell. -toxic to human cells. -these drugs do not cure! interaction: anti viral+theophylline= increase theophylline blood leve |
| Vancomycin action/uses/complications. | action: bacteriostatic & bactericidal ( depending on dosage). used for: health/community-acquired pneumonias, skin infections, clostridium difficle ( pseudomembraneous colitis) complications: vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). |
| Vancomycin interaction/adverse reactions. | interaction:linezolid+ chocolate, coffee(tyramine)= HTN adverse reactions: N/V, diarrhea,photosensitivity, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, chills(blankets),stomatitis. |
| anti-fungal: amphotericin B | 1.protect IV solution from exposure to light. 2.admin drug immediately after drug is reconstituted. 3. renal damage (most serious AR), so serum creatinine and BUN levels are checked frequently. |
| amphotericin B adverse reactions/interactions. | 1.renal damage (most serious AR), so serum creatinine and BUN levels are checked frequently. 2.bone marrow depression. 3.chills(blanket) interaction amphotericin B: increase risk of Digoxin toxicity. |
| Treating iron deficiency anemia: actions & uses | 1.iron preparations( act by elevating serum iron [] , which replenishes Hg & depleted iron stores). 2.vitamin C : increases absorption of iron. 3.milk & tetracycline decrease absorption of iron. 4.iron may stain skin;mix in water/juice and sip with str |
| parenteral iron | -used when pt. can't take oral drugs or when GI intolerance to oral iron admin. - treats iron deficiency anemia. -watch for phlebitis |
| iron adverse reactions/contraindications | AR: GI reactions( GI irritations, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, dark stools;generalized system reactions). iron supplements: contraindicated in pts. with known hypersensitivity to drug, or any component of the drug. |
| iron contrainications/precautions | iron compounds: contraindicated in pts with hemochromatosis(A hereditary disorder in which iron salts are deposited in the tissues.) or hemolytic anemia. used cautiously : in pts. with hypersensitivity to aspirin. |
| iron interactions | 1.antibiotics:decrease GI absorption or the antibiotic;TCN decreases iron absorption). 2.levothyroxine:decrease absorption of levothyroxine. |
| iron interactions (con't) | 3.levodopa, methyldopa:decreased effect of Parkinson's medication. 4.ascorbic acid(vitamin C):increased absorption of iron. |
| iron interactions(con't) | 5.hematochromatosis: a disorder that interferes with iron metabolism which resultes in too much iron in the body. The iron builds up in the liver and leads to hepatomagaly. |
| drugs for anemia assoc. with chronic illness/adverse reactions for both. | 1. Epoetin alfa ( Epogen, Procrit) 2. Darbepoetin alfa AR: 1. HTN, headache, N/V diarrhea, rashes, fatigue, arthralgia (Pain in a joint), skin reaction @ injection site. 2. polycythemia : increase in RBC count. |
| Epoeitn alfa contraindicaitons/precautions | 1.epoeitn alfa: contraindicated in pts. /w uncontrolled HTN, those needing emergency transfusion, those /w hypersensitivity to human albumin. Used with caution in pts. with HTN; heart disease; CHF; history of seizures. |
| Darbepoeitin alfa contraindications | contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled HTN, those allergic to drug. |
| drugs used in Treating folic acid deficiency anemia: actions&uses | 1.follic acid: used in treating megaloblastic anemia; for woemen of childbearing age to decrease incidence of neural tube defects( ex. anencephaly, meningocele). |
| drugs used in Treating folic acid deficiency anemia: actions&uses | 2. leucovorin: used to diminish hematologic effects or methotrexate (used in treating certain types of cancer) . -leucovorin"rescues" normal cells from being destroyed by methotrexate/called "folinic acid rescue". |
| folic acid contraindications/precautions/interactions | 1.folic acid leucovorin: contraindicated for Tx. pernicious anemia, other anemias in which vitamin B12 is deficient. 2. pregnant wmeon with folate dificiency are @ increased risk for complications of pregnancy, fetal abnormalities. |
| folic acid contraindications/precautions/interactions (con't) | 3. signs of folate deficiency: occurs when sulfasalazine admin. concurrently. 4. increase in seizure activity: occurs when folic acid is admin. with hydantoins. |
| Why Vitamin B12 is essential? | -Vitamin B12 is essential to growth, cell reproduction, manufacture of myelin, & blood cell production |
| drugs used in Tx Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia : action/uses/adverse reactions | Vitamin B 12: treat pts. with a viram B12 deficiency; also used to perform the Schilling test. AR: mild diarrhea, itching; increase in RBCs production, acne, peripheral vascular thrombosis; CHF, pulmonary edema. |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency contraindication/precautions/interactions. | contraindicated: allergic cyanocobalamin. admin: cautiously during pregnancy, in pts with pulmonary disease, anemia. alcohol, neomycin, colchine=decrease the absorption of oral vitamin B12. |
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