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Ecosytems and enviro
Topics 6-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a Biome? | A large relatively distinct terrestrial region major regional type of vegetation which may contain a number of related ecosystems.Determined by,climate average temp, precipitation and soil type of the region. |
| What latitudes receive more rainfall and why? | 0 and 60 degrees due to low pressure systems, high temps, warm moist air. |
| What two types of biomes does the southern hem not have? | Tundra and boreal forest (taiga). |
| What is the geographical location, climatic condition and typical vegetation found in a tundra biome? | Mostly btwn 60 and 90 degrees lat, in the north hem. Very cold winters, short summers, low precipitation, young nutrient poor soils, permafrost- perm frozen ground, prevents trees from growing, boggy plains, lichens mosses, grasses. |
| What is the geographical location, climatic condition and typical vegetation found in a Boreal forest or taiga biome? | Northern hem, around 60 degrees lat. 11% of the earths mass. Very cold, but not as harsh as tundra, growing season somewhat longer than the tundra.Low precipitation, acidic soils, patchy permafrost, but conifers grow, pine etc. |
| What is the geographical location, climatic condition and typical vegetation found in a temperate forest biome? | Between 30 and 60 degrees lat in both hems.High precipitation, deciduous and conifer forests, lush vegetation. Mild winters and cold summers. nutrient rich soils get nutrients from fallen organic material. Deciduous forest areas get lower precipitation. |
| What is the geographical location, climatic condition and typical vegetation found in a temperate grasslands biome? | Grassland areas occuring between 30 and 50 dregrees lat. Summers are cold and winters cold, less rainfall than deciduous biome, but variable. |
| What is the geographical location, climatic condition and typical vegetation found in a chaparral biome? | A biome with mild, moist winters and hot dry summers, veg is small leaved evergreen shurbs and small trees, mediterranean climates. Moderate rainfall, higher in winter. Soils thin and not fertile. Fire adapted plants. |
| What is the geographical location, climatic condition and typical vegetation found in a temperate desert biome? | Lack of precipitation prevents plant growth, deserts are found in both temperate (cold deserts) and subtropical regions (warm).Sparse vegetation. High mineral soils, NaCl,CaCO3,CaSO4. 24 hours dramatic weather changes.Plants adapted so herbivores cant eat |
| What is the geographical location, climatic condition and typical vegetation found in a savanna biome? | Tropical and sub trop lats, Low precip, aluminium and leeched soils, grass lands with occasional trees like acacias, plants adapted to fire-root systems. seasons driven by rain rather than temp. |
| What is the geographical location, climatic condition and typical vegetation found in a Tropical rainforest biome? | tropical- equator. Moist and warm year round. Wet and dry season, lush and species rich forest.poor nutrient soils, but mycorrhizae and root suck up all the nutrients from decomposing material and thus the nutrients are in the plants rather than the soil. |
| Define what a temperate geographical location is | Mid latitudes, seasonal variation, |
| Define a tropical geographical location is | low latitude, high temps with little variation |
| Define Polar and sub polar regions | high lat and large seasonal variation |
| What determines type of vegetation ? | Precipitation, temperature, and soils. |
| What effect does being nearer to a body of water have on a region? | Moderates temperature and increases precipitation. |
| Why do the biomes of the Southern Hemisphere not exactly parallel those of the Northern Hemisphere? | There are no tundras or boreal forests (taiga) in the south hem, because there are not continents at the same latitudes in the south as there are in the north. |
| What 3 biomes are present at tropical latitudes? | Depending on precipitation for the 0-30 degrees lat the biomes are (most rain to least rain) tropical rainforest, tropical grasslands (savanna), Tropical desert. |
| What 5 biomes are present at temperate latitudes? | 30-60 degrees lat, most to least rain is the Temp rainforest, temp forest (woodlands), temp grasslands (steppe) chaparral(Mediterranean climate) temp deserts. |
| What 3 biomes are present at polar/subpolar latitudes? | 60-90 degrees lat, as precipitation AND temp decreases; boreal forest (taiga), Tundra, Polar ice caps |
| What is permafrost? How does it affect flora in the polar environment? | Permanent frozen ground underneath the topsoil, prevents plants from taking root deep into the ground, which is why lichens and mosses are prevalent in tundra biomes. |
| The tundra may be referred to as a cold desert. Discuss. | Due to its lat the tundra areas are very cold, between 60-90 degrees lat, the precipitation in these areas due to high pressure systems is also relatively low and the permafrost changes the vegetation from taller trees found in boreal forests or taigas |
| The tundra may be referred to as a cold desert. Discuss.continued | to lichens and mosses, rather than anything that needs to take root. Biodiversity in these tundra regions in low, due to the temp and low precip, low vegetation=low animal population. For the above regions the tundra has been likened to a cold desert. |
| What are the types of vegetation you might see in a tundra biome? | Mosses, lichens, low growing woody and herbaceous perennials, plants must be able to adapt to extreme cold and have specialized reproductive cycles, NPP is low. |
| What kind of animals can the Tundra support? | reindeer, wolves, musk-ox, polar bear, caribou, hooves adaptation, lemmings, snowy owl,arctic wolf |
| What are the human impacts on the Tundra? | wildlife exploited for furs and tusks, mining oil and minerals, gas oil spill of 89, indigenous humans almost wiped out-disease etc. |
| Why is the Tundra vulnerable? | The Tundra has low biodiversity, constrained food webs, nutrient poor soils and harsh climate. |
| Describe the polar ice caps eg antartica | Harsh climate,70% of the world fresh water is frozen there. 2% which is not covered with ice. Very fragile terrestrial ecosystems, only 2 flowering plants. Rich aquatic ecosystems. |
| Describe temperate deserts | low rain, 30 degress lat or in rain shadows, adapted plants to store water and prevent loss, reptiles insects are abundant, small mammals, |
| Why is the tropical rainforest the most diverse biome? | Due to the equatorial regions, (direct sun rays) it is hot and moist form low pressure systems, only 7% of the earths land mass but; 50% terrestrial plants, 30% birds, 50% vertebrates, 90% insects. |
| Describe tropical rainforest biomes | they are btwn tropic of cancer (23.5 N) and the tropic of capricorn (23.5 S), moderate to high temps, low temp variation, high NPP, most complex ecosystems on earth. |
| What is the tropical rainforest considered fragile? | Over years and years of high rainfall, the soils have leached, that is, the nutrients have drained out of the soil, soil is ancient, soil hasnt been replaced by flooding, volcanic activity or glaciation, soils are infertile. |
| What is wallace's line | Alfred wallace who explored the differences in australian species from that of indonesian species. He drew a line through bali and lombok, due to the marked difference in animals west and est of that line.West of lin placental, east of line-marsupials |
| What is the wallaceae area? | the area between the wallace line and the lydekkers line,(s shape around aus and papua ng) which is the line that draws the eastern limits of the asian animals. Throughout that area there is a mixture of marsupials and placentals. |
| What was the reason for the animals being spread across this area? | periodic ice age that meant sea levels dropped in this equatorial region and therefore animals were able to migrate from the sundra shelf to the sahul shelf. In the Pleistocene epoch. |
| List the 3 geological time eras, the periods that are within them and the epochs within them, with a rough estimate of their time frame in Millions of years (Ma) | see table |
| What did Alfred Wegener theorise in 1912? | That the same animals and plants could have been in different locations due to Continental drift; that continents could move slowly in geological time so that in the past continents may have been joined, in fact he was right |
| What did Alfred Wegener theorise in 1912?cont | and termed the super continent Pangaea.Evidence for Wegeners theory mounted (mesosaurus, glossopteris) but it wasnt until Harry Hess in 1962 discovered the mechanism behind why the continents moved that the theory was taken seriously. |
| What did Harry Hess discover in 1962? (and Tuzo Wilson (1965) | Earth crust was divided into segments- tectonic plates. |
| What are the seven major tectonic plates? | Eurasian, African, Antarctic, Indian-Australian, Pacific, Nth American and South American plates |
| What are plate tectonics driven by? | Magma intrusion and sea floor spreading |
| Describe what happens in magma intrusion and sea floor spreading. | Areas where magma-hot molten rock intrudes pushes plates further apart the magma hits the ocean water, cools, becomes basalt and forms more sea floor. The areas were the magma intrudes in called the diverging plate boundaries.most are mid ocean,vol active |
| Describe what happens at converging plate boundaries | Subduction, the oceanic plate goes underneath another plate (because it is more dense making it heavier). Magma escapes through cracks in the continental plate. Continental uplift (mountains and volcanos forming) can also be earthquakes. |
| When was the paleozic era? | AKA the interval of old life greater than 250 Ma-continents all still joined as pangaea |
| When was the Mesozoic era? | AKA interval of middle life between 250-65 Ma, the age of the dinosaurs |
| When was the Cenozoic era? | AKA interval of modern life, 65 Ma to present, the age of mammals. |
| Write/Draw a timeline of the basic geological history of earth,the continents,vegetation, animals paying attention to australia | See notes |
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TLC1819
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