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M16) GM
Human beings can manipulate DNA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define genetic engineering. | The process involved in modifying or manipulating the DNA of organisms. |
| What are the three main categories of genetic engineering uses? | 1) Producing desired proteins like insulin or vaccines. 2) Improving plants, eg. pest resistant cotton. 3) Improving animals, eg. improved wool or milk production. |
| What are the main procedures in genetically engineering an organism? | -Locating a gene of interest by identifying its locus. -Restriction enzymes isolate the gene. -Sequencing the gene to determine its structure. -Inserting the gene into cells of a target organism. -Growing transformed cells into a complete organism. |
| Define cloning. | A process which gives rise to identical copies. Cloning can be of DNA sequences, genes, cells or whole organisms. |
| Define restriction enzyme. | Enzymes found in bacteria that are capable of recognizing particular coding sequences of DNA and cutting at that section. Eg. EcoR1 cuts at GAATTC. |
| Define recombinant DNA. | DNA formed by joining segments of DNA from different species. |
| Define polymerase chain reaction. | A reaction in which millions of copies of the DNA can be made in a short period of time. |
| Define DNA probe. | A radioactively labelled segment of DNA complementary to a desired gene. |
| Define plasmid. | A small ring of DNA in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is able to replicate. Genetic engineers can use these to transfer genes between species. |
| Define gene mapping. | A technique in which the location of particular genes on chromosomes can be determined. |
| Define genome. | The entire genetic material of an organism. |
| Define ligase enzymes. | Enzymes involved in rejoining the strands of DNA. |
| Define micro-particle gun. | A device used to deliver foreign DNA into plant cells. |
| Define transgenic. | An organism which has had a transferred gene incorporated into the chromosomes of its cells. |
| Define viral vector. | A virus that can be used in genetic manipulation to transfer desired genes into a host organism. |
| List the main steps involved in genetically engineering an organism. | Locating gene of interest on its particular chromosome, Removing the gene using restriction enzymes, Cloning the gene, Inserting copies of the gene into the pro-nucleus of the organism you wish to modify, Growing transformed cells into a complete orga |
| Why do scientists usually clone genes in genetic engineering? | To obtain many copies so that can work with these . Increase the chances of incorporation of the gene into transgenic organisms. |
| Describe the most frequent method used to clone genes. | The polymerase chain reaction can be used to amplify sequences of DNA and host bacteria like E coli can be used to make extra copies of genes. |
| When a restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule, the cuts are not even and leave single stranded ends. Why is this an advantage in recombinant DNA technology? | IF the same enzyme is used on the target DNA-single stranded ends can stick of base pair to the complementary bases. |
| Outline one method used to transfer genes into plants. | Plants- Using an agrobacterium- a species of bacteria that can transfer genetic material into plants. Animals- A fine glass needle to transfer DNA into the pro-nucleus. |
| Define biodiversity. | The numbers of different species of animals and plants living in a particular environment. |
| Define electrophoresis. | The process by which DNA fragments of different lengths can be separated using a gel an electricity. |
| Define genetic screening. | The resting of people, looking for defective genes for particular conditions. |
| Define pre-implantation diagnosis. | The examination of the DNA of an embryo before it has been implanted in the womb. With a single cell it is possibly to remove the chromosomes and screen for sex or particular diseases. |
| Define donor. | The organism from which the DNA is taken for transgenesis. |
| Discuss reasons FOR human embryos being screened for genetic diseases? | If a sever deformity is detected, abortion may be considered and thus reduce burdens on both parents and the community, it may lead to a better understanding of disease and perhaps help lead to a cure, prepare parents for problems with new child. |
| Discuss the issues FOR modification of crops to provide such improvements as increased resistance to pests or increased productivity. | Increased productivity, feed the world's population, save on use of pesticides/insecticides, less pollution, producing plants better equipped to cope with climate change. |
| Describe how it might be possible for transgenic crops to actually give rise to increased resistance in pests. | The forces of natural selection will also be working on pests. Those pests that are naturally more resistant themselves will have a greater chance of surviving and passing on the genes for resistance. |
| Discuss reasons AGAINST human embryos being screened for genetic diseases? | May lead to parents rejecting children on shallow grounds, may overly stress parents when only small problems exist, costs to the community. |
| Discuss the issues AGAINST modification of crops to provide such improvements as increased resistance to pests or increased productivity. | Will transgenic crops overtake native ones? Reducing diversity. Unknown effects of genes when the plants are released to the environment, genes may be transferred to other species with unknown effects. |
Created by:
MahaliaMcD
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