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Bio 12 Section 2.1

Module 2.1

QuestionAnswer
deoxyribose The sugar component in the side chains of DNA, in contrast to the ribose in the side chains of RNA. a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms) derived from the pentose sugar ribose-replacement of a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom, net loss of oxygen
ribose An aldopentose (which means a five carbon sugar with an aldehyde functional group in its linear form) with a chemical formula C5H10O5. A sugar monomer in RNA. also in ribonucleotides, nucleic acids, riboflavin, etc.
nitrogenous base A nitrogen-containing molecule having the chemical properties of a base.
phosphate A salt of phosphoric acid. As a biological molecule, it is composed of phosphorus and oxygen and plays a major role in biological processes of many organisms as chemical component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA,ATP), plasma membrane (phospholipids), etc.
DNA. you will have to know the correct term, not just abbreviations. e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid, You will be expected to recognize a structural diagram of DNA thought to look like a twister ladder; deoxyribonucleic acid has a double helix structure and codes for the order in which amino acids join to form a protein; sugars and phosphates form a lenear sugar phospate-sugar backbone, and the bases project
DNA definition part 2 from the sides of the backbone; adenine (A) will always bond with thymine (T), and guanine (G) will always bond with cytosine (C)
RNA (ribonucleic acid; be able to recognize a structural diagram of RNA) ribonucleic acid that conveys DNA's instructions for the amino acid sequence in a protein
adenine: one of the bases that form part of a nucleotide, the structures that are present in dna chains. a nitrogenous base, one member of the basepair a-T (thymine). (biochemistry)Purine base found in dna paired with thymine, in rna paired with uraci
A purine base found in dna and RNA; pairs with cytosine.One of the four bases, one of the constituent bases of nucleic acids, nucleosides and nucleotides.
cytosine: A pyrimidine base found in dna and rna that pairs with guanine. Glycosylated base is cytidine, it's derived from pyrimidine. It is one of the four nitrogenous bases, including in dna adenine, thymine, and guanine, and in rna adenine, uracil, and guanine.
thymine: Thymine is paired with adenine in DNA sequences and is replaced by uracil in mRNA. pyrimidine base found in dNA (in place of uracil of rNA, note in RNA).derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine.One of the four bases of a nucleotide that are found in DNA.
uracil: A nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine. The pyrimidine base from which uridine is derived. One of the bases that is found on nucleotides of an RNA chain, which replaces thymine from the original DNA template and therefore pairs with adenine in RNA.
sugar-phosphate backbone
replication the process of exactly copying one DNA double helix into two identical helices; occurs at the end of interphase
semi-conservative replication each original strand of a double helix provides a template for the formation of a complementary new strand
DNA polymerase joins free-floating nucleotides to form a new DNA strand during replication
DNA helicase an enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs, causing DNA to unzip during replication
mutation a change in the sequence of bases of a DNA strand
genetic engineering changing an organism's DNA to serve medical or industrial purposes
recombinant DNA a mixture of DNA from two or more different organisms; segments of DNA from one organism are inserted into the chromosomes of another host organism
vector a piece of a host organism's DNA to which another organism's DNA can be added
plasmid rings of bacterial DNA to which foreign DNA is added
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