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Pharm Exam 2
Cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acebutolol | partial beta agonist |
| isoprotenerol | beta 1 and beta 2 agonist |
| dobutamine | beta 1 agonist |
| albuterol | beta 2 agonist (short acting) |
| salmeterol | beta 2 agonist (long acting) |
| propranolol | beta 1 and beta 2 antagonist |
| nadolol | beta 1 and 2 antagonist |
| atenolol | beta 1 antagonist |
| metoprolol | beta 1 antagonist |
| hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone | thiazide diuretics, prevent Na+ reabsorption in distal tubule, hypokalemia |
| furosemide | lasix, loop diuretic, prevents Na+ reabsorption in loop of Henle |
| ethacrynic acid | loop diuretic, prevents Na+ reabsorption in loop of Henle |
| spirinolactone | postassium sparing diuretic, antagonist at mineralocorticoid receptor, reduced expression of basolateral Na-K ATPase; not strong enough to be used alone |
| triamterine | potassium sparing diuretic, blocks Na+ channels in collecting duct by preventing exchange at principal cells |
| amiloride | potassium sparing diuretic, blocks Na+ channels in collecting duct by preventing exchange at principal cells |
| clonidine | alpha 2 receptor agonist |
| reserpine | catecholamine release inhibitor |
| prazosin | alpha 1 antagonist |
| terazosin | alpha 1 antagonist |
| hydralazine | vasodilator, causes opening of K+ channels to hyperpolarize cell which decreases liklihood of Ca2+ channels opening |
| minoxidil, diazoxide | vasodilators, open K+ channels and hyperpolarized cells which decreases risk of opening of Ca2+ channels |
| verapimil | cardioselective CCB, relax vascular smooth muscle AND dec CO, dec AV nodal conduction, dec force of contraction |
| amlodipine | long acting non-cardioselective CCB, safer |
| captopril | ACEI |
| enalopril | ACEI |
| losartan | ARB |
| valsartan | ARB |
| aliskerin | renin inhibitor |
| ACEI | block conversion of agn 1 to agn 2; inhibits metabolism of bradykinins (inflam mediators) so you get pro-inflam effects (angioedema, dry cough), hyperkalemia, never use in pregnancy |
| ARB | antagonist at agn receptors, no effects on bradykinin metabolism (no cough, angioedema), never use in pregnancy |
| heparin | IV anti-coag, stimulates antithrombin III system which regulates synthesis of clotting factors |
| warfarin | prevents reactivation of vitamin K (cannot syn. clotting factors without vit K) - slower effect because wait for turnover of current clotting factors, never use in pregnancy |
| altepase | t-PA activator drug |
| t-PA | produces plasmin which destroys fibrin (breaks down clot) |
| streptokinase | t-PA activator drug |
| aspirin | anti-thrombotic, inhibits COX1 which reduce TXA2 synthesis (pro-clotting prostaglandin) |
| enoxaparin | low molecular weight heparin |
| clopidogril | anti-thrombotic, prevents ADP from bind to platelet, discourages platelet aggregation, more expensive than aspirin |
| abciximab | GP2b/3a antibody (receptor blocker) that prevents platelet aggregation, platelet receptor antagonist to prevent physical contact between platelets |
| aspirin prophylaxis | lowest dose 75-150 mg (baby aspirin is 81 mg); only to high risk people!! At time of MI, give 160 mg |
| APTT | assess bleeding risk for patients on heparin |
| PT | assess bleeding risk for patients on warfarin |
| anti-fibrinolytics | prevents plasmin formation so clots cannot be broken down (opposite of t-PA) |
| vitamin K | reverse effects of warfarin |
| protamine | reverse effects of heparin |
| hemostatic aids | facilitate natural hemostatic process; vasoconstrictors, clotting factors, collagen sheets |
| VLDL | carrier of TGs |
| Niacin | good for decreasing VLDLs (TG) by stimulating lipoprotein lipas, increased HDLs too |
| fibric acid derivatives | decrease VLDL synthesis in the liver |
| gemfibrozil | fibric acid derivative, decreases VLDL synthesis by breaking down VLDL |
| bile acid binding resins | prevent bile acid reabsorption into the liver, body converts cholesterol to bile acid and takes it to SI so if we prevent reabsorption, body thinks it needs to make more bile acids and thus pulls more cholesterol out of the blood into cells; upreg recepto |
| colestipol | bile acid binding resin |
| statins | prevent cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase so liver cells upregulate receptors because they don't synthesize it, brings more in from the blood |
| rhabdo | side effect of statin, breakdown of skeletal smooth muscle, can plug up the glomerulus and cause kidney failiure, liver toxicity |
| ezetimibe | aka zetia, prevents absorption of cholesterol from diet and reduced re-absorption of cholesterol secreted in bile, upregulates LDL receptors to lower LDL levels in blood |
| risk categories and LDL levels to start drugs | low = 190, moderate = 160, moderate/high = 130, high = 100 |
| vasodilators used to treat angina pectoris | nitroglycerin, isososorbide dinitrate; CCBs |
| ideal vasodilator for angina | dilation of veins, dilation of coronaries BUT dilating arterioloes DOES NOTHING!! (except shunt blood away from bigger arteries that need it) |
| digoxin | Na/K ATPase inhibitor, increased contractility, bradycardia, slow AV nodal conduction |
| dobutamine | beta 1 agonist |
| milrinone | biryidine, increases cAMP and intracellular Ca2+ to increase contractility and vasodilate |
| ACEI for CHF | relax vascular smooth muscle, dilate veins to decrease preload, reduce aldosterone secretion to lower BV (reduce preload) and prevent hypertrophy and remodeling |
| diuretics for CHF | HCTZ, furosemide, spironolactone; good for decrease preload (prevent Na+ reabsorption), good for edema and preventing hypertrophy; often used in combo with ACEI |
| beta blockers for CHF | metoprolol, carvedilol to decrease CO, decrease mortality, slow HR, prevent secretion of catecholamines |
| carvedilol | beta and alpha 1 antagonist |
| vasodilators for CHF | isososorbide dinitrate, hydralizine, BNP |
| BNP | reduces preload and afterload, vasodilator for veins AND arteries, increases diuresis |
Created by:
RLeman
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