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Biology Final Stacky
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What occurs during glycolysis and in what organisms does this occur? | Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm. Two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules are formed for each molecule of glucose. Two phosphate groups are joined to glucose. It occurs in multicellular organisms. |
| What type of chemical do chemoautotrophs use as their source of energy? | They use inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide. |
| Is photosynthesis an anabolic or a catabolic reation? | It is an anabolic reaction. |
| What happens when a phosphate group is removed from the ATP molecule? | It forms adenosine diphosphate. (ADP) |
| In what type of plants is the CAM pathway and C4 pathway of photosynthesis used? | They are plants that live where water and or CO2 are insufficient. |
| The oxygen used in cellular respiration ends up in which molecule? | The oxygen ends up in the water as a byprodut of CO2. |
| What is the final electron acceptor in the electron trasport chain in cellular respiration? | Oxygen is the final acceptor. |
| What is the function of the pigments found in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts? | The thylakoids are the home of the process of cellular respiration. |
| What is the function of the carotenoid pigments? | The show a plant's color, by absorbing color, and reflecting color. |
| What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. What are the chemical equasions? | CR-CO2, Water, ATP energy. C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O+ATP Energy Ph-Glucose, Oxygen 6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O6+6O2 |
| What are the components of ATP? | It is made of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate group. |
| What is the function of NADPH and ATP molecules in photosynthesis? | ATP and NADPH are energy carrying molecules. |
| What happens during the stages of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase? | DNA replicates during interphase. In metaphase, the chromasomes line up at the center, or equater. In anaphase, the chromatids pull apart. In telophase, the nucleus appears as the chromasomes condense and reach the poles. |
| Be able to recognize diagrams of the phases of the cell cycle. | Diagram in book. Pg. 249 |
| How does the surface area/volume ratio change as the cell becomes larger? | The ratio grows smaller as the cell gets larger. |
| What occurs during the S(synthesis) stage of Interphase? | In synthesis, DNA is replicated. |
| How many chromosomes do the daughter cells have compared to the parent cell? | They have the same amount of chromosomes. |
| What are the differences between the structures of a plant cell and an animal cell? | A plant cell has a cell membrane. It also has chloroplasts with chlorophyll. |
| What regulates the cell cycle? | Checkpoints regulate the cell cycle and check for damages and mutation during the cell cycle. |
| Why can cancer cells reproduce rapidly? In what phase do they spend less time in? | Cancer cells crowd out normal cells, and absorbs nutrients within the cell. They also deprive cells of nutrients and space. They spend less time in interphase. |
| What occurs in binary fission? | In prokaryotes, DNA is copied and attaches to the membrane of a cell. The genetic material divides as the cell divides. |
| In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate? | It replicates during interphase. |
| Define a stem cell. | Stem cells are unspecialized cells that develop into specialized cells under the right conditions. Embryonic stem cells are found in Embryos 100-150 cells in size. Adult (somatic) stem cells are found in mature tissues. |
| Define mitosis. | Mitosis is the cell process in which daughter cells are made in cell reproduction. |
| What are the three stages of Interphase? | They are synthesis, Gap 1, and Gap 2 |
| Define cytokinesis. | Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell's cytoplasm divides. A new cell is then completed. |
| What will occur if cell division does not continue properly? | A cancerous cell may appear. That is when the cell cycle is neglected to be regulated. |
| Define apoptosis. | Apoptosis means programmed cell death. |
| How is meiosis and fertilization related? | Meiosis produces male and femal gametes, which are needed for fertilization. Then, a zygote is made. This then makes a human being. |
| Define homozygous, heterozygous, dominant traits, and recessive traits. | Homozygous means an organism with two of the same allels. (rr and RR). Heterozygous means an organism with two different alleles. (Rr).Dominant traits are the traits that appear in the F1 generation. Recessive traits are traits that are masked in the F1. |
| Describe crossing over of the homologous chromosomes. | Crossing over is when chromasomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromasomes. This makes a new combination of genes. |
| When do the cells change from 2N to N number of chromasomes. | The chromasomes go from 2N to N during chromasome seperation in Anaphase 1. |
| When does crossing over occur during meiosis? | It occurs in prophase 1. It happens when the chromosomes condense and form pairs. |
| Know what happpens in each phase of meiosis and be able to recognize diagrams of the phases of meiosis. | See page 273. |
| What is the functionof the spindle apparatus. | In prophase 2, metaphase 2, and anaphase 2, the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and position them. |
| How nmany chromosomes ar in the sperm cells and egg cells compared to the parent cells? | The parent cells have 46 chromosomes, and the sperm and egg cells have 23 chromosomes. |
| Which phase of meiosis is responsible for the Law of Independent Assortment? | Metaphase 1 and 2 is responsible for the Law of independant assortment. |
| How did Mendel produce hybrids and what is the genotype of the hybrids? | The genotype is Yy. He crossed a homozygous dominant pea plant, and a homozygous recessive pea plant. |
| Predict the genotype and phanetype ratio of two individuals that are both heterozygous for a trait. | 1:2:1 HH:Hh:hh |
| Give examples of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes. | Homozygous- HH;hh Heterozygous- Hh |
| What is the difference between the genotype and phenotype? | The genoype is the genetic makeup of an organism. A phenotype is how an organism appears. |
| What is Mendel's Law of Independant Assortment, and Law of Segregation? | Mendel's Law of Independant Assortment states that the random distribution of allels occrus during gamete formation. Mendel's Law of Segregation states that two allels for each trait separate during meiosis. |
| What is the result of crossing over? | The result of crossing over is new gene combinations. |
| When are two genes considered to be linked genes? | Genes are linked when they are located clesely together on the same chromasomes. The genes then travel with each other during meiosis. |
| Define polyploidy. | Polyploidy is the occurence of one or more extra sets of all chromasomes in an organism. |
| What organism did Mendel use for his genetic studies? | Mendel used peas for his studies, because they can cross and self-pollinate. |
| What is the inheritance pattern for hemophelia? | Hemophelia is a sex-linked disorder. |
| How are carriers indicated on a pedigree map? | Carriers are indicated with a half filled shape. |
| How are generations indicated on a pedigree map? | Generations are indicated with a vertical line. |
| Know the inheritance pattern of eye color in fruit flies , and be able to predict genotypic and phenotypic ratios of crosses dealing with this trait. | It is a sex-linked trait. |
| What is the phenotypic ratio of the cross of two pure individuals that show incomplete dominance in the inheritance pattern of the trait? | There would be no intermediate phenotype, because there would be no heterozygous genotype. |
| What allele or alleles must be present for the dominant phenotype to be expressed? | Heterozygous or Homozygous Dominant must be present. |
| How is the expression of polygenic traits indicated on a graph. | It is shown with a bell-shaped curve, with the most extreme cases on the outside, and most common on the inside. |
| What are some examples of plygenic traits in humans. | Skin color, height, eye color, and fingerprints, are polygenic traits. |
| Know how blood types are inherited and be able to predict phenotypic and genotypic ratios of blood types. | Blood type is a multilple allele trait. |
| What is the inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease? | Huntington's disease is a dominant allele disorder. |
| What is nondisjunction, and what are the results of nondisjunction? | Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate properly. Results of this are monosomys and trisomys. |
| Predict the phenotype ratio of the F2 generation produced by the F1 generation that was prduced by pure parents. | 1:2:1 HH:Hh:hh |
| What are Barr bodies and how are they observed? | Barr bodies are darkly stained structures in the nucleus that have to do with inactive X-chromosomes. |
| What is a telomere? What is its function? What processes are they involved in? | A telomere is a chromasome's protective cap. It protects a chromasome's structure, and it is involved in aging and cancer. |
| How are the chromosomes arranged on a karyotype? | They are arranged into 23 pairs in decreasing size, with the exception of the sex-chromasomes. |
| What is the reason for completing a karyotype of a child before it is born? | It would let the parents know the predicted phenoype of their offspring. |
| How many pairs of autosomes ane sex chromosomes are in a normal human karyotype? | There are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromasomes. |
| How is trisomy 21 indicated on a karyotype? | It is indicated with three chromasomes on the 21st pair. |
| Know the order of the following from larges to smallest: nucleotide, chromosome, DNA, cell, nucleus. | Cell, nucleus, chromasome, DNA, nucleotide, is the order. |
| Be able to recognize how mRNA, tRNA, amino acids, anticodons, and codons are represented in translation diagrams. | See page 339. |
| Where specificall in the cytoplasm does translation occur? | Translation occurs in the ribosome. |
| Be able to recognize mutations in the DNA sequence - such as substitution and frameshift by deletion or insertion. | See Page 346. |
| What is the significance of the intron and exon segments of the pre-mRNA? | Introns remain in the final mRNA. Exons do not remain in the final mRNA. |
| What is the sequence of the central dogma in Biology? Put these terms in order: translation, transcription, protein synthesis. | It goes transcription, translation, protein synthesis. |
| Explain Chargaff's law concerning the amount of A, T, C, and G found in organisms of the same species. | The amount of adenine nearly equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine nearly equals the amount of cytosine. |
| What are the components of the DNA molecule, and how are they arranged? | DNA has a five carbon sugar, four nitrogenous bases, and a phosphate group. They are arranged with alternating phosphates and nitrognous bases. They are connected to a double helix. |
| What enzymes are needed for DNA replication? | The are DNA helicas, ligase, polymerase, and RNA polymerase. |
| How is the shape and function of a protein affected by a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein? | The genes change the body pattern of an organism. |
| What are the two molecules found in chromasomes? | DNA and RNA are found in chromosomes. |
| What is the function of the homeobox, or hox genes? | Hox genes control the body plan of an organism by being specialized in structure or function. |
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mceagle12
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