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ebmryo step
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sonic Hedgehog gene | produced at base of limbs. Involved in patterning along A-P axis |
| Wnt-7 gene | Produced at apical ectodermal ridge. Necessary for proper dorsal ventral axis |
| FGF gene | Produced at apical ectodermal ridge. Stimulates mitosis of mesoderm for lengthening of limbs |
| Hoeeobox (Hox) gene | involved in segmental organization of embryo in a cranio-caudal direction. |
| Hox mutation | appendages in wrong location |
| Fetal landmark Day 0 | fertilization, initiation of embryogenesis |
| Fetal landmark Within week 1 | hCG secretion after implantation of blastocyst |
| Fetal landmark Within Week 2 | Bilaminar disc (epiblast, Hypoblast) |
| Fetal landmark Within Week 3 | Trilaminar Disc. Gastrulation, Primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm and its organization, and neural plate begin to form |
| Fetal landmark Weeks 3-8 | Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week 4. Organogenesis Susceptible to teratogens |
| Fetal landmark Week 4 | Heart beat. Limbs form |
| Fetal landmark Week 8 | Fetal movement |
| Fetal landmark Week 10 | Genitalia formed |
| Alar plate | Sensory. dorsal |
| Basalar plate | Motor. Ventral |
| Rule of 2's for 2nd week of embryo | 2 germ layers 2 cavities (yolk sac, amniotic cavity) 2 components of placenta (cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast) |
| Rule of 3's for 3rd week of embryo | 3 germ layers (ecto,meso,endo) |
| Rule of 4's for 4th week of embryo | 4 heart chambers 4 limb buds |
| Adenohypophysis | surface ectoderm (from Rathke's pouch) |
| lens of eye | Surface ectoderm |
| epithelial linings of oral cavity | Surface ectoderm |
| sensory organs of ear | surface ectoderm |
| olfactory epithelium | Surface ectoderm |
| anal canal below pectinate line | surface ectoderm |
| salivary, sweat, and mammary glands | surface ectoderm |
| craniopharyngioma | benign Rathke's pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals, and calcifications |
| Brain, retina, spinal cord | Neuroectoderm |
| ANS, cranial nerves, melanocytes, teeth, nails, PNS, bones of skull | Neural crest |
| anal canal above pectinate line, lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, bladder, urethra, lower 2/3 vagina | endoderm |
| muscle, bone, peritoneum, spleen, cardiovascular structures, adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries | mesoderm |
| Mesodermal defects | VACTERL- vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac deects, traceo-esophageal fistula, renal defects, limb defects |
| Intrinsic distruption | malformation |
| extrinsic defect | deformation |
| absent organ | agenesis |
| incomplete organ development | hypoplasia |
| absent organ despite primordial tissue present | aplasia |
| fetal renal damage | ACE inhibitors |
| Absence of digits | alkylating agents |
| CN VIII defecits | Aminoglycosides |
| Neural tube defects, craniofacial defects | carbamazepine |
| Vaginal clear cell adencocarcinoma | DES |
| Neural tube defects | folic acid antagonists (methotrexate) |
| Atrialized right ventricle | Lithium |
| microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, MR | Phenytoin |
| Discolored teeth | Tetracyclines |
| Limb defects (flipper limbs) | Thalidomide |
| Inhibition of maternal folate absorption | Valproate |
| Bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, ophtalmologic abnormalites | Warfarin |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | MR, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, limb dislocation, lung fistulas |
| conjoined twins | Monochrorionic, monoamniotic |
| Monozygotic twins | can be any depending on timing of cleavage |
| Dizygotic Twins | Dichorionic diamniotic |
| Fetal components of placenta | Cytotrophoblast- inner later; cyto makes cells Syncytiotrophoblast- outer layer; makes hCG |
| maternal component of placenta | Decidua basalis- derived from endometrium. maternal blood in lacunae |
| Umbilical vessels | 2 arteries 1 vein (derived from allantois) |
| urine discharge from umbilicus | patent urachus (failure to obliterate urachus |
| outpouching of bladder | vesicourachal diverticulum |
| melena and periumbilical pain | Meckel's diverticulum (partial closure of vitelline duct with patent portion attached to ileum) |
| truncus arteriosus | gives rise to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk (spiral and fuse to form aorticopulmonay septum) |
| bulbus cordis | RV and smooth parts of left and right ventricles |
| primitive ventricle | trabeculated L and R ventricle |
| primitive atria | trabeculated L and R atrium |
| left horn of the sinus venosus | coronary sinus |
| right horn of sv | Smooth part of RA |
| Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein | SVC |
| improper neural crest migration | transposition of the great arteries |
| Membranous septal defect | L-->R shunt can become R-->L shunt |
| patent foramen ovale | excessive resorption of septum primum and or secundum |
| Yolk sac erthyropoiesis | 3-8 weeks |
| liver erthyropoiesis | 6-30 weeks |
| spleen erthyropoiesis | 9-28 weeks |
| bone marrow erthyropoiesis | 28 weeks onward |
| order of erthyropoiesis | Young Liver Synthesizes Blood |
| 3 Fetal Shunts | Ductus venosus Foramen Ovale Ductus arteriosus |
| Drug to close PDA | Indomethacin |
| Drug to close PDA | Prostaglandins |
| Umbilical ligament becomes | Ligamentum teres |
| umbilical arteries become | medial umbilical ligaments |
| ductus arteriosus becomes | ligamentum venosum |
| ductus venosus becomes | ligamentum venosum |
| foramen ovale becomes | fossa ovalis |
| allantois becomes | urachus and median umbilical ligament |
| notochord becomes | nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc |
| cerebral hemispheres | prosencephalon--> telencephalon --> |
| Thalmus | prosencephalon --> Diencephalon --> |
| Midbrain | Mesencephalon -->Mesencephalon --> |
| Pons | rhombencephalon-->metencephalon--> |
| Cerebellum | |
| Medulla | rhombencephalon-->mylencephalon--> |
| Spina bifida occulta | failure of the bony spinal canal to close but no structural herniation. Dura intact |
| Meningocele | meninges herniate through spinal canal defect |
| meningomyelocele | meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal canal defect |
| malformation of anterior end of neural tube; no brain/calvarium, elevated AFP, polyhydramnios | Anencephaly |
| Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline, cyclopia | holoprosencephaly; associated with Patau's syndrome, sever FAS, cleft lip/palate |
| enlargement of central canal of spinal cord | Syringomyelia; crossing fibers of spinothalamic tract damages first "cape like" bilateral loss of pain and temp in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation |
| 1st aortic arch | maxillary artery |
| 2nd aortic arch | stapedial artery and hyoid artery |
| 3rd aortic arch | common carotid and proximal internal carotid |
| 4th aortic arch | aortic arch, proximal right subclavian |
| 6th aortic arch | proximal pulmonary arteries |
| Brachial things: Clefts Arches Pouches | ectoderm mesoderm endoderm |
| 1st branchial cleft | external auditory meatus |
| 2-4th branchial cleft | temporary cervical sinuses |
| persistant cervical sinus | brancial cleft cyst within lateral neck |
| 1st branchial arch | Muscles and Mastication V2 and V3 |
| 2nd branchial arch | S's CNVII, stapes, styloid process stapedius stylohyoid |
| 3rd branchial arch | greater horn of hyoid, stylopharyngeus, CN IX |
| 4-6 branchial arch | thyroid, cricoid, cartilage, 4th cricothyoid CN X (superiour laryngeal branch) 6th rest of larynx (recurrent laryngeal branch) |
| branchial arch mnemonic | when going to the golden arches chew first, then smile, then swallow stylishly, or simply swallow and speak |
Created by:
srdietz
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