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Water Treatment 1
Water treatment glossary of terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A negatively charged ion in solution, such as bicarbonate, chloride or sulfate. | anion |
| A substance which releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Most of these will dissolve the common metals, and will react with a base to form a neutral salt and water. | acid |
| Granular material produced by the roasting of cellulose base substances, in the absence of air. Has a very porous structure and is used in water conditioning as an adsorbent for organic matter and certain dissolved gases. Often called activated charcoal. | activated carbon |
| The process in which matter adheres to the surface of an adsorbent. | absorption |
| The quantitative capacity of a water or water solution to neutralize an acid. It is usually measured by titration with a standard acid solution of sulfuric acid, and expressed in terms of its calcium carbonate equivalent. | alkalinity |
| A layer or zone below the surface of the earth which is capable of yielding a significant volume of water. | aquifer |
| The process in which solids are worn down or ground down by friction, often between particles of the same material. Filter media and ion exchange materials are subject to this during backwashing, regeneration and service. | attrition |
| The process in which beds of filter or ion exchange media are subjected to flow opposite to the service flow direction to loosen the bed and to flush suspended matter, collected during the service run, to waste. | backwash |
| Unicellular micro-organisms which typically reproduce by cell division. Although usually classed as plants, they contain no chlorophyll. | bacteria |
| A substance which releases hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water. Reacts with acids to form a neutral salt and water. | base |
| The exchange or filter media in a column or other tank or operational vessel. | bed |
| A strong solution of salt(s), such as the sodium chloride ______ used in the regeneration of ion exchange water softeners, but also applied to the mixed sodium, calcium and magnesium chloride waste solution from regeneration. | brine |
| The presence of _________ in water is a factor contributing to the formation of scale and insoluble soap curd which are a means of clearly identifying hard water. | calcium |
| An ion with a positive electrical charge, such as calcium, magnesium and sodium. | cation |
| Any substance capable of burning or destroying animal flesh or tissue. | caustic |
| The common name for sodium hydroxide. | caustic soda |
| To form a complex chemical compound in which an ion, usually metallic, is bound into a stable ring structure. | chelate |
| A gas, C12, widely used in the disinfection of water and an oxidizing agent for organic matter, iron, etc. | chlorine |
| A material, such as alum, which will form a gelatinous precipitate in water, and cause the agglomeration of finely divided particles into larger particles which can then be removed by settling and/or filtration. | coagulant |
| A measure of the ability of a solution to carry electricity; the reciprocal of the electrical resistance. The unit of measurement is the ohm (reciprocal ohm). | conductive |
| The quality or power to carry electrical current; in water, the conductivity is related to the concentration of ions capable of carrying electrical current. | conductivity |
| The destructive disintegration of a metal by electrochemical means. | corrosion |
| A process in which pathogenic (disease producing bacteria) are killed; may involve agents such as chlorine, or physical processes such as heating. | disinfection |
| The weight of matter in true solution in a stated volume of water; includes both inorganic and organic matter; usually determined by weighing the residue after evaporation of the water at 105 or 180 degrees Celcius. | dissolved solids |
| The process in which a liquid, such as water, is converted into its vapor state by heating, and the vapor cooled and condensed to the liquid state and collected; used to remove solids and other impurities from water. | distillation |
| A unit of concentration used in chemical calculations, calculated by dividing the concentration in ppm or mg/1 by the equivalent weight. | equivalent per million |
| Specifically, a device or system for the removal of solid particles (suspended solids); in general, includes mechanical, adsorptive, oxidizing and neutralizing types of these. | filters |
| The agglomeration of finely divided suspended solids into larger, usually gelatinous, particles; develops after treatment with a coagulant and gentle stirring or mixing. | flocculation |
| A device designed to limit the amount of water or regenerant to a predetermined value over a broad range of inlet water pressures. | flow control |
| The quantity of water or regenerant which passes a given point in a specified unit of time, often expressed in gallons per minute. | flow rate |
| The addition of a certain compound to a water supply to produce the concentration desired for the reduction in incidence of dental caries. | fluoridation |
| The process in which undesirable foreign matter accumulates in a bed of filter media or ion exchanger, clogging pores and coating surfaces and thus inhibiting or retarding the proper operation of the bed. | fouling |
| Vertical distance between a bed of filter media or ion exchange material and the overflow or collector for backwash water; the height above the bed of granular media available for bed expansion during backwashing. | freeboard |
| A natural mineral, primarily composed of complex silicates, which possess ion exchange properties. | greensand |
| A characteristic of natural water due to the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium; responsible for most scale formation in pipes and water heaters, and forms insoluble "curd" when it reacts with soaps. | hardness |
| Referring to water or other fluids in motion. | hydraulics |
| The water cycle, including precipitation of water from the atmosphere as rain or snow, flow of water over or through the earth, and evaporation or transpiration to water vapor in the atmosphere. | hydraulic cycle |
| The process in which atoms gain or lose electrons and thus become ions with positive or negative charges; sometimes used as synonymous with dissociation, the separation of molecules into charged ions in solution. | ionization |
| An element often found dissolved in ground water in concentrations usually ranging from zero to 10 ppm (mg/L). It is objectionable in water supplies because of staining caused after oxidation and precipitation (as ferric hydroxide), and because of tastes. | Iron |
| Organisms capable of utilizing ferrous iron, either from the water or from steel pipe, in their metabolism, and precipitating ferric hydroxide in their sheaths and gelatinous deposits. | Iron bacteria |
| A calculated number used to predict whether or not a water will precipitate, be in equilibrium with, or dissolved calcium carbonate. It is sometimes erroneously assumed that any water which tends to dissolve calcium carbonate is automatically corrosive. | Langelier's index |
| The common name for calcium oxide (CaO); When it is hydrated is calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2. | lime |
| Hard water seal containing a high percentage of calcium carbonate. | lime scale |
| The basic metric unit of volume; 3,785 liters equals 1 U.S. gallon; 1 liter of water weights 1000 grams. | liter |
| On of the elements making up the earth's crust, the compounds of which when dissolved in water make the water hard. The presence of this in water is a factor contributing to the formation of scale and insoluble soap curds. | magnesium |
| An element sometimes found dissolved in ground water, usually with dissolved iron but in lower concentrations; causes black stains, and other problems similar to iron. | manganese |
| The product has a mild oxidizing power, and is often used in the oxidation and precipitation of iron, manganese and/or hydrogen sulfide, and their removal from water. | manganese greensand |
| The selected materials in a filter that form the barrier to the passage of certain suspended solids or dissolved molecules. | media |
| A linear measure equal to one millionth of a meter. | micron |
| A unit concentration of matter used in reporting the results of water analyses. In dilute water solutions, it is practically equal to the part per million, but varies from the ppm in concentrated solutions such as brine. | milligram per liter (mg/L) |
| A term applied to inorganic substances, such as rocks and similar matter found in the earth's strata, as opposed to organic substances such as plant and animal matter. | mineral |
| The simplest combination of atoms that will form a specific chemical compound; the smallest particle of a substance which will still retain the essential composition and properties of that substance. | molecule |
| The electrical charge on an electrode or ion in solution, due to the presence of and excess of electrons. | negative charge |
| A condition of balance between positive and negative charges. In chemistry, the term used to indicate a balance between acids and bases; the neutral point on the pH scale is 7.0 indicating the presence of equal numbers of free hydrogen and hydroxide ions. | neutral |
| In general, the addition of either an acid or a base to a solution as required to produce a neutral solution. The use of alkaline or basic materials to neutralize the acidity of some waters is a common practice in water conditioning. | neutralization |
| Water hardness due to the presence of compounds such as calcium and magnesium chlorides sulfates or nitrates; the excess of fatal hardness over total alkalinity. | noncarbonate hardness |
| The range of pressure, usually expressed in pounds per square inch, over which a water conditioning device or water system is designed to function | operating pressure |
| A process of diffusion of a solvent such as water through a semi-permeable membrane which will transmit the solvent but impede most dissolved substances. The normal flow of solvent is from the dilute solution to the concentrated solution. | osmosis |
| A chemical process in which electrons are removed from an atom, ion or compound. The addition of oxygen is a specific form of oxidation. Combustion is an extremely rapid form of oxidation, while the rusting of iron is a slow form. | oxidation |
| A unit of measurement indicating the number of parts by weight of a dissolved or suspended constituent. In dilute water solutions, this measurement is practically equal to one milligram per liter, which is the preferred unit. | parts per million (ppm) |
| An organism which may cause disease. | pathogen |
| ppm stands for this unit of measurement | parts per million |
| To cause a dissolved substance to form a solid particle which can be removed by settling or filtering, such as in the removal of dissolved iron by oxidation, precipitation, and filtration. | precipitate |
| Untreated water, or any water before it reaches a specific water treatment device or process. | raw water |
| A solution of a chemical compound used to restore the capacity of an ion exchange system. | regenerant |
| The amount of a specific material remaining in the water following a water treatment process. Often refers to the amount of chlorine remaining after disinfection. | residual |
| Synthetic organic ion exchange material, such as the high capacity cation exchange ______ widely used in water softeners. | resin |
| A process for the removal of dissolved ions from water in which pressure is used to force the water through a semipermeable membrane which will transmit the water but reject most other dissolved materials. | reverse osmosis |
| Water containing an excessive amount of dissolved salts, usually over 10,000 mg/L. | saline |
| A chemical reaction in which certain ions are bound into a stable, water soluble compound, thus preventing undesirable action by the ions. | sequester |
| The common name for sodium carbonate, a chemical compound used as an alkaline builder in some soap and detergent formulations and to neutralize acid water. | soda ash |
| An ion found in natural water supplies, and introduced to water in the ion exchange water softening process. Sodium compounds are highly soluble, and do not react with soaps or detergents. | sodium |
| The chemical name for common salt, widely used in the regeneration of ion exchange water softeners. | sodium chloride |
| Any water which contains less than 1.0 gpg (17.1 mg/L) of hardness minerals, expressed as calcium carbonate. | soft water |
| The liquid, such as water, in which other materials (solutes) are dissolved. | solvent |
| The ratio of the weight of a specific volume of a substance compared to the weight of the same volume of pure water at 4°C. | specific gravity |
| A yellowish solid element. The term is also used as a slang expression to refer to water containing hydrogen sulfide gas. | sulfur |
| TDS stands for | Total Dissolved Solids |
| The weight of solids per unit volume of water which are in true solution, usually determined by the evaporation of a measured volume of filtered water, and determination of the residue weight. | total dissolved solids |
| The sum of all hardness constituents in a water, expressed as their equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate. Primarily due to calcium and magnesium in solution. | total hardness |
| The weight of all solids, dissolved and suspended organic and inorganic. per unit volume of water, usually determined by the evaporation of a measured volume of water at 105 DegC. in a pre weighed dish. | total solids |
| A measure of the amount of finely divided suspended mater in water, which causes the scattering and adsorption of light rays. | turbidity |
| A method of crossflow filtration (similar to reverse osmosis but using lower pressures) which uses a membrane to separate small colloids and large molecules from water and other liquids. | ultrafiltration |
| An aquifer confining water that is not under pressure; the water level in a well is the same as the water table outside the well. | unconfined aquifer |
| A layer of gravel or grout used to fill the bottom curved base of a larger filter or softener tank, usually in a system with a header-lateral design. Underbed is not the same per se as the media support bed. | underbed |
| The drainage piping arrangement to collect treated water at the bottom of the ion exchange or filter media beds. | underdrain |
| A flow in which the feet per second velocity rates and directions are the same from point to point along the conduit. | uniform flow |
| A tube with a narrow throat (a constriction) that increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of the liquid passing through it, creating a partial vacuum immediately after the constriction in the tube. | venturi |
| A chemical substance used in water analysis for water hardness or with an indicator to colorimetrically measure hardness quality. | versenate |
| A parasitic infectious microbe, composed almost entirely of protein and nucleic acids, which can cause disease(s) in humans. | virus |
| The tendency of a fluid to resist flowing due to internal forces such as the attraction of the molecules for each other (cohesion) or the friction of the molecules during flow. | viscosity |
| A dam-like wall or plate placed in an open channel and used to measure the flow of water. Can also refer to a wall or obstruction used to control flow (from settling tanks and clarifiers) to assure uniform flow rate and avoid short-circuiting. | weir |
| When flushing a water main, where would you measure the residual pressure? | nearest hydrant |
| Properties of chlorine gas | greenish-yellow, oxidizer, inhalation hazzard |
| When evacuating a chlorine leak area you should | Keep your head high and move upwind of the leak. |
| Primary consideration in determining the size of a municipal water distribution system | fire flow requirements |
| If a one ton chlorine container is leaking, you should | Rotate the container so gas escapes instead of liquid. |
| When using the air gap method of backflow prevention, the distance from the inlet potable water line and the overflow level of the non-potable container must be | at least two inlet pipe diameters distance |
| Most important thing to check before starting a gasoline powered engine | oil level |
| The packing gland on a pump with packing, should be adjusted so the leakage | equals about one drop per second |
| The "C" factor and "f" factor of a pipe refer to | the smoothness of the inside of the pipe |
| When lubricating an electric motor, excess grease increases | temperature |
Created by:
jeffwhite
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