Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
high lighted terms
need to know
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is science | An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world |
| What are the goals of science? | To investigate, understand the natural world, explain events in the natural world, and use those explanations to make useful predictions. |
| Oberservation | number one tool that scientists use by the process of gathering info about events or processes in an orderly way. |
| data | info gathered from observations |
| inference | logical interpretation based on prior knowledge of experience. |
| hypthesis | proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations. |
| Spontaneous generation | idea that life could arise from nonliving matter. |
| controlled experiment | only one variable is changed at a time, and all variables should be unchanged. |
| manipulated variable | variable that is delibratley changed |
| responding variable | variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable. |
| Theory | well-tested explaination that unifies a broad range of observations. |
| Cell | smallest unites of an organism, considered to be alive. |
| sexual reproduction | cells from two parents unite to produce the first cell of the new organism |
| asexual reproduction | the new organism has one parent. |
| metabolism | cobintation of chemical reactions through which an orgnsim builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes. |
| stimulus | signal to which an organism responds |
| homeostasis | organisms maintaining a stable internal environment |
| evolution | changing of species over time. |
| sequence of the levels or organization | 1.) biosphere 2.) ecosystem 3.) community 4.) population 5.) organism 6.) groups of cells 7.) cells 8.) molecules |
| Biosphere | part of Earth that contains all ecosystems |
| ecosystem | community and its nonliving surroundings |
| community | populations that live together in an defined area |
| population | group of organisms of one type that live in the same area. |
| organism | individual living thing |
| groups of cells | tissues, organs, and organ systems |
| cells | smallest functinal unit of life |
| molecules | groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds. |
| light microscopes | produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays. |
| Electron microscopes | produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons |
| Compound light microscopes | allows light to pass through the speciment and use two lenses to form an image. |
| Atom | the basic unit of matter |
| what are the subatomic particles that make up atoms? | protrons, neutrons, and electrons |
| nucleus | center of the atom |
| electron | negatively charged particle |
| element | pure substance that is an entire atom. |
| isotopes | atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element |
| mass number | sum of protrons and neutrons |
| isotopes are defined by | their mass number |
| radioactive isotopes | nuclei is unstable and breaks down at a constant rate over time. |
| compound | substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
| main types of chemical bonds | ionic and covalent |
| ionic bond | formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. |
| ions | positively and negatively charged atoms |
| covalent bonds | forms when electrons are shared between atoms |
| molecule | smallest unit of most compounds |
| Van der waals forces | slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules |
| why is a water molecule polar | because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms. |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| mixture | material composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together constitute a mixture. |
| solution | compounds of a solution are even distributed throughout the solution |
| solute | substance dissolved |
| solvent | substance in which the solute is dissolved in |
| suspensions | mixtures of water and nondisolved materials |
| pH scale | indicated the concentration of H+ ions in a solution |
| acid | any compound that forms H+ ions in solution |
| acidic solutions | contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values below 7. |
| base | compound that produces hydroxise ions in a solution |
| buffers | weak scids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharps, sudden changes in pH. |
| monomers | smaller units |
| polymers | group of monomers |
| the four organic compounds | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins |
| carbs | compounds made up of carbon, hyrdrogen and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1. |
| monosaccharides | single sugar molecules |
| polysaccharides | large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides. |
| lipids | carbon and hydrogen atoms. they can store energy |
| nucleis acids | macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus |
| nucleotides | 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| nucleic acid for RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| nucleic acid for DNA | deixyribonucleic acid |
| proteins | macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| chemical reaction | process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another. |
| reactants | The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| products | elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction. |
| activation energy | Energy that is needed to get a reaction started |
| catalyst | substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts. they speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells |
| substrates | reactions of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. |
| What is the positively charged particle in an atom is the... | proton |
| What are two or more different atoms are combined in definite proportions is any | |
| a covalent bond is formed by the | |
| when you shake sugar and sand together in a test tube, you cause them to form a | |
| a compund that produces hydrogen ions in solution is a | |
| in polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of | |
| proteins are polymers formed from | |
| an enzyme speeds up a reaction by | |
| in a chemical reaction, a reactant binds to an enzyme at a region know as the | |
| ecology | scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environments. |
| biosphere | contains the combine portions of the planet in which all of life exists, inclusing land,water, and air, or atmosphere. |
| species | group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring. |
| populations | groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. |
| communities | assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined aread. |
| ecosystem | collection of all the organisms that live in a particulat place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment |
| biome | groupe of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities. |
| Three tools of scientists | 1.) observing 2.) experimenting 3.) modeling |
| main energy source for life on Earth | sunlight |
| autotrophs | they use energy from the environment to fuel the assemby of simple inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules. |
| producers | capture energy from sunlight and those that capture chemical energy. |
| chemosynthesis | when organisms use chemical energy to produce carbs |
| heterotrophs | organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply |
| consumers | heterotrophs |
| herbivores | obtain energy by eating only plants |
| carnivores | eat animals |
| detrivores | eat other dead matter |
| decomposers | break down organic matter |
| how many directiosn does energy flow through an ecosystem | one |
| food chain | a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten |
| food web | links all the food chains in an ecosystem together |
| trophic level | each step in a food chain or food web |
| first trophic level is made up of | producers |
| second and third trophic level is made up of | consumers |
| ecological pyramid | diagram tat shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a good chain or good web. |
| biomass | the total amount of living tiddue within a given trophic level |
| biochemical cycles | connecting the biological, geological, and chemical aspects of the biosphere |
| evaporation | the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gass |
| transpiration | water can also enter the atmosphere by evapoating from the leaves of plants in this process |
| nitrogen fixation | |
| Dentrification | process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again |
| primary productivity | the rate at which organic matter is created by producers. |
| limiting nutrient | When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient in a short supply, it will limit an organism's nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly. |
| algal bloom | sudden increase in the amount of algae and other producers. |
| All of life on Earth exists in a region known as | biome |
| Groups of different species that live together in a defined area make up | community |
| autotrophs are organisms that | |
| the series of steps in which a large fish eats a small fish that has eaten algae is a | |
| Th total mass of living tissue at each trophic level can be shown in a | |
| nutrients move through an ecosystem in a | |
| in the nitrogen cycle, bacteria that live on the roots of plants | |
| which biogeochemical cycle does NOT involve a stage where the chemical enters the atmosphere? | |
| when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called | limiting nutrient |
| Weather | the day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. |
| climate | average year-to-year contions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region. |
| What atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintains Earth's temperature range | Carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. |
| greenhouse effect | natural situation in which heat is retained by this layer of greenhouse gases. |
| What is the result of differences in latitude and the andle of heating? | Earth has 3 main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical |
| Polar zones | col areas where the sun's tays strike Earth at a very low angle |
| temperate zones | sit between the polar zones and the tropics. The zones range from hot to cold. It depends on the season. |
| tropical zone | near the equator and the climate is always warm. |
| biotic factors | The biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem. |
| abiotic factors | physical or nonliving factors that shape ecosystems. |
| What do biotic and abiotic factors determine | The survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives. |
| habitat | the area where an organism lives. It includes both biotic and abiotic factors. |
| niche | a full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism uses those conditions. |
| resource | any neccesity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space |
| competitive exclusion principle | fundamental rule that states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. |
| predation | an interaction in which one organism caputures and feeds on another organism. |
| symbiosis | any relationship in which two species live closely together |
| mutualism | both species benefit from the relationshup |
| commensalism | one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. |
| parasitism | one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. |
| ecological succession | the series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. |
| primary succession | succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. |
| pioneer species | first species to populate the area. |
| secondary succession | a succesion that happens after the first. Like after a wildfire, trees produce after a while. |
| tolerance | ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions. |
| microclimate | The climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it. |
| ecologists recognize how many biomes? | 10 |
| Golden Lion Tamarin and the Toucan. | Tropical Rain Forest |
| Tiger and Long-Tailed Macaque | Tropical Dry Forest |
| Nubian Vulture and White Rhinoceros | Tropical Savanna |
| Desert-Hairy Scorpion and the Golden Eagle | Desert |
| Prairie Chicken and Black-Tailed Praire Dog | Temperate Grassland |
| Coyote and California Slender Salamander | Temperate Woodland and Shrubland |
| Tiger Beetle and Whitetail Deer | Temperate Forest |
| Flying squirrel and Black Bear | Northwestern Coniferous Forest |
| Lynx and Moose | Boreal Forest |
| Caribou and Snowy owl | Tundra |
| What are aquatic eosystems determined primarily by? | depth, flow, temperature, and chemicsty of the overlying water |
| What are the two freshwater ecosystems? | flowing-water and standing water ecosystems |
| Plankton | tiny-free floating organisms that live in both freshwater and saltwater environments . |
| phytoplankton | Unicellular algae |
| zooplankton | platonic animals that feed on the phytoplankton |
| wetland | ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year. |
| Estuaries | wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea. |
| Detritus | made up of tiny pieves of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of the estuary's food web. |
| Salt marshes | temperate-zone estuaries dominitated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by seagrasses underwater. |
| mangrove swamps | coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions including southern Florida and Hawaii. |
| photic zone | upper layer of the ocean |
| aphotic zone | lower layer of the ocean where there is no light. |
| zonation | the prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat |
| Coastal ocean | extends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge of the continental shelf, the relatively shallow border that surrounds the continents. |
| The average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation within a particular region are its | climate |
| The greenhouse effect causes an increase in | |
| All the biotic and abiotic factors in a pond form a | |
| A relationship in which one organism is helped and another organism is neither helped nor hurt | ceommensalism |
| A form of sybiosis in which both organisms benefit | Mutualism |
| Population density | number of individuals per unit area. |
| exponential growth | occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. |
| logistic growth | occurs wehn a population's growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth. |
| carrying capacity | the number of individuals that an environment can support |
| limiting factor | factor that causes population growth to decrease. |
| desisity-dependent limiting factor | a limiting factor that depends on population size |
| desisity-dependent limiting factor includes | competition, predation, parasitism, and disease. |
| predator-prey relationship | mechanism of population control |
| demography | The scientific study of human population. |
| demographic transition | dramatic change in birth and death rates. |
| age-structure diagrams | show the population of a country broken down by gender and age group. |
| cell theory | all living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. and new cells are produced from existing cells. |
| robert hook | one of the first to observe a cell through a microscope |
| anton van Leeuwenhoek | observed tiny living organisms in drops of pond water through his simple microscope |
| schleden | concludes that all plants are made up of cells |
| Schwann | concludes that all animals are made up of cells |
| Rudolph Virchow | proposes that all cells ceom from existing cells. |
| Lynn margulis | certain organeles were once free-living cells themselves |
| organelles | little organs |
| cytoplasm | portion of the cell outside the nucleus. |
| nuclear envelope | dotted with thousands of nuclear pores, that allow material to move in and out of the nucleus |
| chromatin | DNA bound to protein. |
| Chromosomes | When a cell divides, chromatin forms chromosomes |
| Nucleolus | where the assembly of ribosomes begin. |
| ribosomes | small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm |
| endoplasmic reticulum | where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled. |
| Golgi apparatus | modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. |
| lysosomes | small organelles filled with enzymes. It breaksdown lipids, cabrs, and proteins. |
| vacuoles | cells contain these saclike structures that hold materials like water, salts, proteins,and carbs. |
| Mitochondria | organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienent for the cell to use. |
| chloroplasts | organeels that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photsynthesis. |
| Cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments that help to maintian the shape. |
| Centrioles | located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. |
| lipid bilayer | Composition of nearly all cell membrances is a double-layered sheet. |
| Main function of the cell wall | provide support and protection for the cell |
| concentration | mass of solute in a given volume of solution. |
| diffusion | particles moving from an area where they are more concentrated to an area less concentrated. |
| Equilibrium | the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the system. |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| isotonic | same strength |
| hypertonic | above strength |
| hypotonic | below strength |
| facillitated diffusion | cell membrane protein is said to facilitate the diffusion of glucose across the membrane |
| active transport | requires energy to move cells in the opposite direction |
| endocytosis | process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings of the cell membrane. |
| phagocytosis | cell eating |
| pinocytosis | process where tiny pockets form along the cell membrane and fill with liquid, and punch off to form vacuoles within the cell. |
| exocytosis | membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell. |
| cell specialization | cells perform different tasks throughout an organism. |
| tissue | group of smiliar cells that perform a particular function. |
| organ | many groups of tissues that work together |
| Organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. |
| adenosine triphosphate | principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy |
| overall equation for photosynthesis | 6CO2+6H2O->(light)-> c6h12O6+6O2 |
| word equation for photosynthesis | carbon dioxide+water-> light-> sugars+oxygen. |
| pigments | light absorbing molecules |
| Chlorophyll | principal pigment of plants |
| thylakoids | saclike photosynthetic membranes |
| photosystems. | Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters |
| stroma | the region outside the thylakoid membranes. |
| NADP+ | (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). |
| light-dependent reactions | use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
| ATP synthase | spans the membrane and allows H+ ions to pass through it. |
| Calvin cycle | plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high-energy compounds that can be stored for a long time. |
| ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars. | |
| glycolysis | releases only a small amount of energy. |
| In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by | Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. |
| Cellular respiration | process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. |
| NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. |
Created by:
Ryanerica
Popular Biology sets